A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z

A

A4 (size)
A common ISO A-size of about 8 ¼ by 11 ¾ inches or 210 x 297mm. For all
sizes see International Paper and Board Sizes.

Abaca

A fiber also known as manila hemp or manila fiber, prepared from the outer
sheath of the stems of manila.

ABCD Scheme
An initiative in the UK designed to classify the type and amount of
Recycled Fiber in a paper product. The scheme grades four types of waste
used in paper manufacturing, as follows:
A - Woodfree, approved own mill waste (waste that has not left the mill.
i.e. mill broke).
B - Woodfree unprinted waste (waste that has left the mill but not reached
the consumer, typically from the printer or converter).

C - Woodfree printed waste (post consumer waste, collected from homes,
offices etc).
D - Printed mechanical waste (post consumer waste, typically newspapers).
To be classified as recycled, the grade has to contain no less than 50% of
the total fiber from any combination of the above sources, with the
percentages given for each..

Abhesive
A material that resists adhesion. Abhesive coatings are applied to
surfaces to prevent sticking, etc.

Abrasion Resistance
The extent to which paper can withstand continuous scuffing or rubbing.

Abrasive Papers
Papers covered on one or both sides with abrasive powder, e.g. emery,
sandpaper etc.

Absolute Humidity
The actual weight of water vapor contained in a unit weight of air,
expressed in grams per cubic meter in metric system and pounds per cubic
feet in English system.

Absolute Viscosity
A characteristic of one-component liquids which have a constant ratio of
shear stress over shear rate (constant viscosity)

Absolute White

In theory a material that perfectly reflects all light energy at every
visible wavelength; in practice a solid white with known spectral data
that is used as the "reference white" for all measurements of absolute
reflectance. (When calibrating a spectrophotometer, often a white ceramic
plaque is measured and used as the absolute white reference).

Absorbable Organic Halogen (AOX)
A measure of the amount of chlorine that is chemically bound to the
soluble organic matter in the effluent.

Absorbency

The extent to which a paper will take up and hold a liquid.

Absorbent Core
The principal fluid-holding component of disposable hygiene products.
Absorbent cores usually contain a combination of absorbent cellulose
fibers (fluff pulps) and super-absorbent polymers composed of
polyacrylates. Advanced cores can contain very specialized absorbent
cellulose fibers, synthetic fibers and super-absorbent polymers as well as
fluff pulps.

Absorbent Paper
Papers having the specific characteristic of absorbing liquids such as
water and ink. These papers are soft, loosely felted, un-sized and bulky
e.g. blotting paper.

Absorbent Paper
Papers having the specific characteristic of absorbing liquids such as
water and ink. These papers are soft, loosely felted, unsized and bulky
e.g. blotting paper.

Accelerated Aging
Exposing paper at elevated temperature usually at 110C in an oven or on a
hot plate. The purpose of accelerated aging is to simulate the effect of
aging in the laboratory.

Accept
Accepted portion of pulp after cleaning and or screening operation.

Accordion Fold
A term for two or more parallel folds that result in the sheet opening
like a fan. Accordion folds are used on products such as brochures and
maps.

Acetate Pulp

A highly purified (high alpha cellulose) pulp made especially to be
dissolved in acetic acid, acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to make
acetate rayon and acetate fiber.

Achromatic
Material that is white, gray and black and have no color or hue.

Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF)
Organic matter that is not solubilized after 1 hour of refluxing in an
acid detergent of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in 1N (Normal) sulfuric
acid. ADF includes cellulose and lignin.

Acid Free Paper
A type of paper, which does not contain any acidic substance that may
affect acid sensitive material. Acid free paper is anti rust and is used
for metal wrapping.

Acid Hydrolysis
The treatment of cellulosic, starch, or hemicellulosic materials using
acid solutions (usually mineral acids) to break down the polysaccharides
to simple sugars..

Acid Migration
The transfer of acid from an acidic material to a less acidic or
neutral-pH material. Occurs when neutral materials are exposed to
atmospheric pollutants or when two paper materials come in contact. Acid
can also migrate from adhesives, boards, endpapers, protective tissues,
paper covers, acidic art supplies, and memorabilia.

Acid Proof Paper
A paper that is not affected by acid physically or chemically. This paper
is used with substance containing acid.

Acid Sizing

Internal sizing carried out in acidic pH range (0-7). Rosin and alum
sizing is acid sizing.

Activated Carbon
A highly absorbent powdered or granular carbon used for purification by
adsorption.

Activated Sludge
The biomass produced by rapid oxygenation of effluent.

Active Alkali (AA)
Caustic (NaOH) and Sodium sulfide (Na2S) expressed as Na2O in alkaline
pulping liquor.

Additives
Clay, fillers, dyes, sizing and other chemicals added to pulp to give the
paper greater smoothness, color, fibered appearance or other desirable
attributes.

Adhesive Paper
Base paper for coating with an adhesive, the type depending upon end use.

Aerated Lagoon
A biological wastewater treatment method in which air (oxygen) fed into an
aeration basin reduces the effluent load.

Against the Grain

Cutting, folding or feeding paper at right angles to the grain or machine
direction of the paper.

Aging
Irreversible alteration, generally deterioration, of the properties of
paper in course of time. Aging also causes reduction in brightness and
yellowing effect.

Agitator
Equipment used to keep content of a tank or chest in motion and well
mixed.

Air Brush Coater
A coater, which uses the pressurized air to atomize the coating mixture
and spray it on the paper.

Air Dry (AD)
Refers to the weight of dry pulp/paper in equilibrium with the atmosphere.
Though the amount of moisture in dry pulp/paper will depend on the
atmospheric condition of humidity and temperature but as a convention 10%
moisture is assumed in air dry pulp/paper.

Air Drying
Using hot air to dry pulp or paper sheets.

Air Filter Paper
A type of paper used for filtration of air to remove suspended particles.
(car air filter, vacuum bag etc.)

Air Knife Coater

A device that applies an excess coating to the paper and then removes the
surplus by impinging a flat jet of air upon the fluid coating, leaving a
smooth, metered film on the paper.

Air Mail Paper
It is lightweight, high opacity, good quality writing/printing type paper
used for letters, flyers and other printed matter to be transported by
airlines.

Air Permeability
Commonly referred to as "porosity." The ease with which pressurized air
can flow through a paper’s thickness. Typically measure by the Gurley or
the Sheffield porosity tests, which measure the volumetric flow of air
through the paper thickness.

Air Pollution
The contamination of air around the plant due to the emission of gases,
vapors and particulate material in the atmosphere.

Album Paper
Paper used in photographic albums. It has a soft surface which will not
wrinkle or cockle when photographs are pasted or glued on it, and when wet
with such adhesive, it will not ‘bleed’.

Albumin Paper
A coated paper used in photography; the coating is made of albumen (egg
whites) and ammonium chloride.

Algae
Micro organic plant life that forms in paper mill water supplies.

Alkali Lignin

Lignin obtained by acidification of an alkaline extract of wood.

Alkali Proof Paper
A paper, either white or colored, which does not discolor when in contact
with alkaline materials, such as soap. Careful selection of fibers and
coloring matters is necessary, but no particular strength requirements
need be met. Many book papers are sufficiently alkali-proof and glassine
and waxed papers are also satisfactory.

Alkali Resistance
Freedom of paper from a tendency to become stained or discolored or to
undergo a color change when brought in contact with alkaline products such
as soap and adhesives.

Alkaline Extraction
Alkaline extraction, i.e. E stage, is used in lignin removal before or
between bleaching stages; the stage is often enhanced with an oxidizing
agent, oxygen (Eo stage), hydrogen peroxide (Ep stage) or both (Eop
stage).

Alkaline Paper
Paper having pH values greater than 7 and made by using an alkaline sizing
process.

Alkaline Papermaking
Paper manufactured under alkaline conditions, using additives, basic
fillers like calcium carbonate and neutral size. The anti-aging properties
in alkaline paper make it a logical choice for documents where permanence
is essential.

Alkaline Pulping
Pulping by alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide, with or without sodium
sulfide. Without sodium sulfide it is called soda process and with sodium
sulfide it is known as Kraft or sulfate process.

Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride (ASA)

ASA is a sizing agent designed to increase resistance to water penetration
in the case of paper formed under neutral or alkaline conditions. ASA is
especially used in cases where full cure is desired before the size press
and where it is important to maintain a high frictional coefficient in the
paper product. ASA can improve paper machine runnability and preserve
paper’s dimensional stability by limiting penetration of size-press
solution into the sheet.

Alpha Cellulose
The portion of the pulp or other cellulosic material that will not
dissolve in 17.5% NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) solution at 20oC.

Alpha Pulp
A specially processed, high alpha cellulose content, chemical pulp. It is
also called dissolving pulp.

Alternative Fibers
Common name for non-wood or tree free fibers.

Alum
The paper maker alum is hydrated Aluminum Sulfate {Al2(SO4)3}. Used to
adjust the pH of the mill water or as a sizing chemical in combination
with rosin size.

Aluminum Foil Lamination
The combination of thin Aluminum foil with a paper backing used as a
positive moisture barrier. Normal combination is kraft backing with
Aluminum foil laminated to the kraft by means of asphalt, adhesive, or
polyethylene. The Aluminum foil can also be coated with polyethylene.

Ammunition Paper
The type of papers used in the manufacture of ammunition such as cartridge
paper, which forms the tube section of shotgun shell and basewad paper,
which is used in the base of the shell.

Anaerobic Reactor System

An effluent treatment system that uses microbes in the absence of oxygen
to break down effluent constituents into methane, carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulfide.

Announcement Cards Paper
Cards of paper with matching envelopes generally used for social
stationery, announcements, weddings, greetings, etc.

Annual Vegetable Fiber or Agricultural Residue Fiber
A source of fiber for pulp and papermaking, including, for example, wheat
or rice straw or other fibrous by-products of agriculture.

Anthra Quinone (AQ)
A quinoid compound added to white liquor (alkaline cooking liquor) to
improve pulp yield and to increase the rate of delignification.

Anti Rust Paper
Paper containing added substances which give it the property of protecting
the surfaces of ferrous metals against rusting.

Anti-foam or Defoamer
Chemical additives used at wet end to reduce or eliminate tendencies of
the machine white water to foam.

Antique Finish
A term describing the surface, usually on book and cover papers, that have
a natural rough finish.

Antique Paper

Printing paper having good bulk and opacity with rough or matt surface.

Anti-Tarnish Paper
A term originally applied to tissues used for wrapping silverware, but now
used for all papers so prepared that they will not rust or discolor razor
blades, needles, silverware, etc. Various fibers are used and weights of
paper made; the chief requirements are freedom from acidity and reducible
sulfur compounds. Copper salts or other inhibitors are sometimes used for
silver tissues.

Apparent Density
Weight (mass) per unit volume of a sheet of paper obtained by dividing the
basis weight by the Caliper (thickness).

Apparent Viscosity
A characteristic of multi-component liquids that have a variable ratio of
shear stress over shear rate (variable viscosity depending on conditions).

Applicator
Means of applying the aqueous coating, sizing or coloring to the paper
web.

Approach Flow System
The stock flow system from Fan pump to headbox slice.

Aqueous Coating
A water-based coating applied after printing, either while the paper is
still on press ("in line"), or after it’s off press. An aqueous coating
usually gives a gloss, dull, or matte finish and helps prevent the
underlying ink from rubbing off. Unlike a UV coating or a varnish, an
aqueous coating will accept ink-jet printing, making it a natural choice
for jobs that require printing addresses for mass mailings.

Archival Paper
A paper that is made to last for long time and used for long lasting
records.

Art Paper
High quality and rather heavy two-side coated printing paper with smooth
surface. The reproduction of fine screen single- and multicolor pictures
("art on paper") requires a paper that has an even, well closed surface
and a uniform ink absorption.

Artificial Parchment
Wood free paper that is produced by fine and extended grinding of certain
chemical pulps and/or the admixture of special additives. As a result of
the "smeary" grinding, the fiber structure closes homogeneously. It is
used e.g. for wrapping meat and sausages or as corrugating medium for
biscuit packaging

Asbestos Paper
A fire retardant and heat insulating paper made chiefly from asbestos
fiber on a cylinder machine. Generally not over 0.06 of an inch thick.

Aseptic Packaging
Extends the shelf life of non-refrigerated beverages and foods. Laminates
and extruded coatings applied by the customer ensure an appropriate liquid
barrier. Aseptic grade board is clay-coated on one side and is suitable
for gravure, offset, and flexographic printing.

Ash Content
The residue left after complete combustion of paper at high temperature.
It is generally expressed as percent of original test sample and
represents filler content in the paper.

Asphalt Laminated Paper
Two sheets of natural kraft paper laminated in a single ply by means of
asphalt. This is used as a moisture barrier; also to resist action of weak
acids and alkalis .

Automatic Packaging System
Term applicable to any one of several available systems for open mouth and
valve bag packaging where bags are automatically applied to filler spout,
filled, weighed, closed (if open mouth), palletized, and shrink wrapped.

Azure

The light blue color used in the nomenclature of "laid" and "wove" papers.

Azurelaid Paper
A laid paper usually bluish green in colour having a good writing surface.

B

Back Liner

The back side layer in a multi-ply paperboard. Normally back liner is made
out of inferior grade pulp compared to top liner.

Back Liner
The back side layer in a multi-ply paperboard. Normally back liner is made
out of inferior grade pulp compared to top liner.

Back Water
See White Water.

Backbone
The back of a bound book; also called the spine.

Backing Roll
Rubber covered roll against which the metering device such as rod or blade
can press.

Backing up
Printing the reverse or back side of a sheet that has already been printed
on one side.

Baffle
A device which obstructs the flow of fluid, whether to aid mixing or
restrict the flow rate.

Bag House

An air pollution control device that captures particulate in filter bags.

Bag Paper
Any paper made to be used in the manufacturing of bags.

Bagasse
Sugarcane residue left after extracting the juice.

Baggy Roll
Mill roll defect usually associated with a variation in caliper and/or
basis weight across the width. Rolls are normally checked for baggy areas
by striking with a baton and listening for variations in audible pitch.

Bale
A large rectangular shaped compressed package of waste paper, rag, pulp
etc. Bale dimensions and weight varies widely depending on the baling
material and handling capabilities.

Baling
Compressing and wrapping a material with wire, twine, string to form a
unit which is more readily handled, stored and transported.

Bamboo
A plant of grass family grown in Asian countries and used for papermaking
fibers.

Banknote or Currency Paper

Used for printing currency. De-facto highest grade of paper. Very high
folding endurance, permanency, tensile strength, suitable for 4-colour
printing, with watermark and other falsification safeguards such as
embedded metal strip. Often contains cotton fibers.

Bark
The outer protective layer of a tree outside the cambium comprising the
inner bark and the outer bark. The inner bark is a layer of living bark
that separates the outer bark from the cambium and in a living tree is
generally soft and moist. The outer bark is a layer of dead bark that
forms the exterior surface of the tree stem. The outer bark is frequently
dry and corky

Barker or Debarker
Equipment used to remove bark from wood.

Barking or de-barking
Removing bark from wood.

Barograph Paper
Red thin paper coated on one side with a white wax, so that the needle of
the barograph make a red line on a white ground, sold in rolls and coils
and to suit the type of barograph.

Barograph Paper
Red thin paper coated on one side with a white wax, so that the needle of
the barograph leaves a red line on a white ground, sold in rolls and coils
and to suit the type of barograph.

Baryta Paper
A paper coated with barium sulfate to give a smooth, low-gloss surface;
used chiefly as a base for photographic emulsions.

Base Paper

Refers to paper that will be subsequently be treated, coated or laminated
in other ways.

Basic Dye
Dye that have a positive charge due to amine groups and have a strong
affinity for the surfaces of high-yield fibers. Basic dyes are economical,
have high color strength but very poor light-fastness.

Basis Weight
In English system of units, basis weight is the weight in pounds of a ream
(500 sheets) of paper cut to a basic size. (Basic size differs from
category to category of the paper. Basic size for Bond and Ledger is
20"x26", book, offset and text paper have basic size of 25"x38"). In
metric system of units, basis weight is the weight in grams of a single
sheet of area one square meter. Basis weight is also called as substance
and grammage in metric system of units.

Bast Fibers
Fibers derived from the bark of some annual plants such as flax, gampi,
hemp, jute, kozo and mitsumata etc. Main characteristic of these fibers is
long length.

Bastard Size
The non-standard sheet size of a given grade.

Batch Cooking
A chemical pulping process in which a discrete quantity of fibrous raw
material is individually process.

Beater
Equipment used for beating, refining and mixing pulps.

Beater Dye

Dye added to the beater to color the pulp.

Beater Loading
Addition of a filler to the pulp in the beater.

Beating or Refining
The mechanical treatment of the fibers in water to increase surface area,
flexibility and promote bonding when dried.

Beedi Wrap Paper
Used for wrapping beedi (east Indian style cigarette) and decorative
purposes in different colours.

Belt Washer
Washer, which uses rotating wire for dewatering and washing of pulp.

Bending Resistance/Flexural Stiffness
Corrugated board’s ability to resist bending, along with its edge crush
resistance, relates to the top-to-bottom compression strength and general
performance of corrugated containers.

Bible Paper
Thin white opaque heavily loaded, used for printing bibles. Not suitable
for pen and ink, because of its absorbency.

Binder

Chemicals which facilitate fiber bonding.

Binder (Coating)
A natural or synthetic compound used to adhere coating to the paper
surface.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
When effluent containing biodegradable organic matter is released into a
receiving water, the biodegradation of the organic matter consumes
dissolved oxygen from the water. The BOD of an effluent is an estimate of
the amount of oxygen that will be consumed in 5 days following its release
into a receiving water; assuming a temperature of 20°C.

Biocide
A biological control chemical such as fungicide or a bactericide used in
papermaking.

Biodegradable
Capable of destruction by biological action.

Biological Waste Water Treatment
A method of cleaning up waste water using living micro-organisms such as
bacteria

Biomass
Any plant-derived organic matter. Biomass available for energy on a
sustainable basis includes herbaceous and woody energy crops, agricultural
food and feed crops, agricultural crop wastes and residues, wood wastes
and residues, aquatic plants, and other waste materials including some
municipal wastes. Biomass is a very heterogeneous and chemically complex
renewable resource..

Biomass Boiler or Hogged Fuel Boiler

Biomass boilers burn bark, saw mill dust, primary clarifier sediment and
other solid waste, and other wood-related scrap not usable in product
production. Also called "hogged fuel" boilers, biomass boilers make steam
and heat for mill use.

Bio-sludge
Sludge formed (in the aeration basin) during biological waste water
treatment or other biological treatment process.

Bitokoshi

Bitoko/Bitokoshi is a grade of printing and writing paper unique to Japan.
It is a very lightly coated paper, occupying a niche market between LWC
and coated woodfree papers. The furnish includes both chemical and
mechanical pulp in variable proportions, thus the Japan Paper Association
(JPA) recognizes both woodfree bitokoshi and mechanical bitokoshi
depending on the proportion of mechanical pulp in the furnish.

Black Liquor
The liquor that exits the digester with the cooked chips at the end of the
Kraft cook is called "black" liquor.

Blackening

Defect associated with calendered paper occurring as unintended local
areas of apparently darker or grayer color due, for example, to the paper
being too damp when passed through the calender.

Blade Coater
A device that first applies a surplus coating to paper and then remove
extra color after evenly leveling by means of a flexible steel blade.

Blade Wrapping Paper
Translucent paper used for individual wrapping of razor blades.

Blank
A name applied to thick cardboards, coated or uncoated, pasted or
unpasted, and made in standard thicknesses with either white or colored
liners. They should have maximum smoothness of surface and stiffness. They
range from 0.012 to 0.078 of an inch with corresponding ream weights of
120 to 775 pounds (22 x 28-500). Their use is for calendar backs, signs,
and window displays.

Blank or Black Box
A flat sheet of corrugated or solid fiberboard that has been cut, slotted
and scored so that, when folded along the score lines and joined, it will
take the form of a box.

Bleach Plant
Section of a pulp mill where pulp is bleached

Bleaching
A chemical process used to whiten and purify the pulp. Bleaching also adds
to the sheet’s strength and durability.

Bleaching Sequences

Series of subsequent bleaching stages, typically described by abbreviation
such as CEHH (Chlorination, Extraction Hypochlorite, Hypochlorite .

Bleed
The feathered edge of inks caused by absorption into un-sized paper.

Bleed (corrugation)
The penetration of laminating agents, such as asphalt, through the kraft
plies making up the combination.

Bleed Through
When printing on one side of a sheet of paper shows through to the other
side.

Blending or Mixing
Blending of different pulps in a chest to achieve quality of the final
product.

Blind Drilled Roll
A matrix of small holes drilled into the soft press roll which aid the
water removal capability of that roll.

Blind Embossing
A printing technique in which a bas-relief design is pushed forward
without foil or ink.

Blister

Defect on a paper surface often shaped like a human blister. It is due to
de-lamination of a limited portion of paper without breaking either
surface.

Blister Resistance
Resistance of paper to developing blister during printing and print
drying.

Bloodproof Paper or Butcher Paper
A high strength paper having maximum resistance to animal blood. It is
used for wrapping fresh meat. It is normally sized with wax emulsion or
other anti-absorption chemicals.

Blotting Paper
An un-sized paper used generally to absorb excess ink from freshly written
manuscripts, letters and signatures.

Blow
It is the discharging of the pressure and contents of the digester in to
blow tank.

Blow Heat Recovery System
The system used to recover heat from the flash steam generated while
digester is blown in to blow tank.

Blow Tank
The tank in which cooked chips and spent liquor is blown from digester at
the end of the cooking cycle.

Blueprint Paper

Base paper for blue printing. See Diazo Base Paper.

Board
Thick and stiff paper, often consisting of several plies, widely used for
packaging or box making purposes. Its grammage normally is higher than 150
g/m2 or thickness is more than 9 point (thousandth of an inch).

Bogus Paper
Bogus refer to a product that is made from recycled fiber or an inferior
pulp to imitate higher quality grades. There are bogus back liner, bogus
bristol, bogus kraft, bogus wrapping etc. Gray bogus is used for packaging
material, void fill, wipes, bedding, and a variety of other industrial and
agricultural purposes. It is biodegradable.

Bond Paper
The name "bond" was originally given to a paper, which was used for
printing bonds and stock certificates. It is now used in referring to
paper used for letterheads and many printing purposes. Important
characteristics are finish, strength, freedom from fuzz, and rigidity.

Bonding Strength
The internal strength of a paper; the ability of the fibers within a paper
to hold to one another. Bonding strength measures the ability of the paper
to hold together on the printing press or other converting processing
machines. Good bonding strength prevents fibers from coming loose
("picking"). Bonding strength of fiber is improved by beating/refining
and/or adding bonding agent.

Bone Dry
Moisture free or zero moisture.

Book Paper
A general term used to define a class or group of papers having in common
A paperboard used in the manufacture of light non-corrugated container.

Box
A rigid container having closed faces and completely enclosing its
contents.

Boxboard
A class of board frequently lined on one or both sides, with good folding
properties and used for making box and cartons.

Braille Printing Paper

Used for embossing dot patterns used by blinds in touch reading. It is
bulky. The sheet must be smooth so the dots will be pronounced. The
caliper should be uniform, so all dots are of same height.

Bread Wrapping Paper
Used for wrapping sliced bread. It is thin, waxed paper normally made
opaque for printing by loading with titanium dioxide.

Breaking Length
The length beyond which a strip of paper of uniform width would break
under its own weight if suspended from one end. Usually expressed in
meters.

Breaks
Rupture of paper on the paper machine during paper making. It the paper on
couch roll, it is termed couch break. If the paper breaks in paper
section, it is termed as press break. If the paper breaks in dryer
section, it is dryer breaks and so on.

Breast Roll
A medium size metal or plastic/fiberglass/granite covered roll located at
the headbox side of the paper machine to support the wire.

Brightness
The reflectance or brilliance of the paper when measured under a specially
calibrated blue light. Not necessarily related to color or whiteness.
Brightness is expressed in %.

CIE Brightness: An internationally-recognized standard of paper
brightness developed in Europe by the Centre Internationale d’Eclairage
(CIE).

Bristol Board
A fine quality cardboard made by pasting several sheets together, the
middle sheets usually of inferior grade.

Brittleness
Property of paper causing it to break while bending.

Broke
Paper that is unusable because of damage or non-conformity to the
specifications. It is put back in to the pulping system.

Broke Pit
A pit below the machine in to which broke is disposed from the machine
floor.

Broke Pulper
A broke pulper is used to break down the broke into a stock that can be
pumped and treated. This term can cover a wide range of machines and is
often used to refer to both stand alone broke pulpers and under the
machine (or UTM) pulpers which receive paper directly from the machine
including any trim. A stand alone broke pulper is used to process finished
reels that have been rejected or for broke that for any reason has been
baled or collected away from the UTM pulpers

Brown Pulp

A mechanical pulp made from wood, which is steamed before grinding. The
color-bearing, non-cellulosic components of the wood remain with the pulp.
The pulp is generally used for wrapping and bag paper.

Brown Stock
The unbleached chemical pulp.

Brush Coating
A Coating method in which the freshly applied coating color is regulated
and smoothed by means of brushes, some stationary and some oscillating,
before drying.

Buffering
The neutralizing of acids in paper by adding an alkaline substance
(usually calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate) into the paper pulp.
The buffer acts as a protection from the acid in the paper or from
pollution in the environment.

Bulk
Reverse of density, expressed as cubic centimeter per gram.

Burnout
The loss of color during drying.

Burnt Paper
Paper, which has been discolored and is brittle, but otherwise intact.

Burnt Paper

Paper, which has been discolored and is brittle, but otherwise intact.

Burst
An irregular separation or rupture through the paper or package.

Air Shear burst: Burst caused by air trapped in the winding roll
producing rupture of the web along the machine direction.

Caliper shear burst. Cross Machine tension burst that generally
occurs between an area or relatively high and low caliper extending for
some distance in the machine direction; due to non uniform nip velocities
between hard and soft sections of the roll.

Core burst: Inter-layer slippage just above the core, often over the
key way, which terminates an Air Shear Burst. Core bursts are most often
seen on core-supported unwinds and winders.

Burst Factor
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in g/cm2 ) and the substance
of paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by standard methods of
test.

Burst Index
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in kilo Pascal ) and the
substance of paper/paperboard (expressed in g/m2) determined by standard
methods of test.

Burst Ratio
The ratio of the bursting strength (expressed in lb/inch2 ) and the
substance of paper/paperboard (expressed in lb/ream) determined by
standard methods of test.

Bursting Strength
The resistance of paper to rapture as measured by the hydrostatic pressure
required to burst it when a uniformly distributed and increasing pressure
is applied to one of its side.

Business Form Paper
Used for business forms and data processing such as computer printouts.

Butter Wrapping Paper
Paper, which is used for wrapping butter, margarine etc.

C

C1S
Coated on one side of the paper.

C2S
Coated on both sides of the paper.

Cable paper
A strong paper suitable for cutting into narrow strips and winding on wire
as insulation. High tensile strength is essential.

Calcium Carbonate

CaCO3, a naturally occurring substance found in a variety of sources,
including chalk, limestone, marble, oyster shells, and scale from boiled
hard water. Used as a filler in the alkaline paper manufacturing process,
calcium carbonate improves several important paper characteristics, like
smoothness, brightness, opacity, and affinity for ink; it also reduces
paper acidity. It is a key ingredient in today’s paper coatings.

Calender
A stack of highly polished metal cylinders at the end of a paper machines
that smoothes and shines the paper surface as sheets pass through.

Calender Blackening
Coverage of calendered paper web with glazed translucent spots due to
excessive calender roll heat, calender pressure, poor and/or excessive and
uneven moisture.

Calender Cut
Weak lines or fractures in paper that break easily under tension, caused
by wrinkles going through the calender stack of the paper machine.

Calender Spots
Paper defect usually indicated as a transparent spot in the sheet; caused
by foreign material adhering to a calender roll and being impressed into
the sheet with each revolution.

Caliper
The thickness of paper usually expressed in thousandths of an inch in
English system of units and in millimeter in Metric system of units.

Camber
Larger diameter in the centre of a papermaking rolls (press & calender
etc), compared to the ends, to compensates the deflection of roll due to
its own weight.

Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF)
It is a measure of pulp freeness. The unit of measurement is ml CSF.

Candy Twisting Tissue
A light-weight paper, generally waxed for wrapping candy kisses, taffy,
etc.

Capacity Utilization Rate

The production rate a plant or machine is operating with respect to design
capacity. Also in some cases it indicates the efficiency (%) at which a
plant or machine is operating.

Carbohydrate
Organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and having
approximately the formula (CH2O) n; includes cellulosics, starches, and
sugars.

Carbon Offsets
The financial instrument, utilized by individuals or companies,
representing a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.

Carbon paper
A low basis weight paper (8 to 15 g/m2) with very low air permeability,
free of pin holes and with a waxy coating that is used to produce carbon
copies on typewriters or other office equipment.

Carbonless Paper
A paper that uses a chemical reaction between two different contacting
coatings to transfer image when pressure is applied.

Cardboard
A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed paper pulp or sheets of paper
pasted together. Used for playing cards, greeting cards, etc.

Cardboard
A thin, stiff paperboard made of pressed p

Carton

A folding box made from boxboard, used for consumer quantities of product.
A carton is not recognized as a shipping container

Carton board
A rigid wood fibre based packaging material. Carton-board is normally of
at least 180 g/m2 substance and 250 microns thickness.

Cartridge paper
Tough, slightly rough surfaced paper used for a variety of purposes such
as envelopes; the name comes from the original use for the paper which
formed the tube section of a shotgun shell.

Cast Coated Paper
A coated paper with high gloss and absorptivity in which the coating has
been allowed to harden or set while in contact with a mirror like polished
chrome surface.

Cast Coater
A device that applies a wet coating color to a paper web before it
contacts a heated drum having a highly polished surface, which cast the
coating in to an image of the smooth, mirror-like drum surface.

Catalog Paper
A light weight, highly opaque and good strength paper typically used for
mail order catalog and telephone directory..

Causticizing
It is the process in which Green Liquor is converted in to White Liquor.
Technically speaking it is the process of converting sodium carbonate in
to sodium hydroxide.

Cellulose

It is a high molecular weight, stereoregular, and linear polymer of
repeating beta-D-glucopyranose units. Simply speaking it is the chief
structural element and major constituents of the cell wall of trees and
plants.

Cellulose Fiber
An elongated, tapering, thick walled cellular unit, which is the main
structural component of woody plants. Fibers in the plants are cemented
together by lignin. In British English Fiber is spelled as Fibre. Thermal
conductivity of cellilose fiber varies from 0.034 to 0.05W/m K, making it
a good insulator.

Chalking
Improper drying of ink. Ink vehicle has been absorbed too rapidly into the
paper leaving a dry, weak pigment layer which dusts easily.

Chart Paper
A paper with the characteristics of bond or ledger papers. It must have
good printing and erasing properties and low expansion and contraction
with changing humidities. Used for making charts and graphs.

Check or Cheque Paper (MICR)
A strong, durable paper made for the printing of bank checks or cheques.
By careful formulations the paper is designed to react against a wide
range of ink eradicators. It gives a characteristic coloured stain of
"flare up" on contact with acid, alkali, bleach and organic solvents like
acetone, benzene, ethanol.

Chelating Agent
An organic compound that forms more than one coordinate bond with metals
in solution; organic compound participating in chelation; e.g. EDTA and
DTPA.

Chelation
A chemical complexing (forming or joining together) of metallic cations
(such as iron) with certain organic compounds, such as EDTA (ethylene
diamine tetracetic acid); a reaction between a metallic ion and an organic
compound that removes the metallic ion from solution.

Chemical Ghosting
A light duplication of a printed image on the other side of the same
sheet, created by chemical reaction by the ink during the drying stages;
also referred to as "gas ghosting.".

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The amount of oxygen consumed in complete chemical oxidation of matter
present in waste water; indicates the content of slowly degradable organic
matter present. COD is easier to measure compared to BOD (Biological
Oxygen Demand).

Chemical Pulp
Pulp obtained from the chemical cooking or digestion of wood or other
plant material.

Chemical Recovery
It is the process in which cooking chemicals are recovered.

Chemo-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (CTMP)

Mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually
sodium sulfite) and steam before mechanical defibration.

Chest
Vessel equipped with an agitating device for storing, collecting, mixing,
blending and/or chemical treatment of pulp suspension. Chest can be
horizontal and or vertical. Tower are special type of chest generally used
in bleached plant to provide retention time and to provide down/upward
flow out of pulp.

Chief Sustainability Officer
An executive put in charge of a corporation’s environmental programs.

China Clay
Natural mineral, consisting essentially of hydrated silicate of alumina,
used as a filler or as a component in a coating color. (Also see clay)

Chip
Wood chips produced by a chipper; used to produce pulp, fiberboard and
particle board, and also as fuel.

Chipboard
A paperboard, thicker than cardboard, used for backing sheets on padded
writing paper, partitions within boxes, shoeboxes, etc.

Chipper
The machine that converts wood logs in to chips.

Chlorine Number

A test method to determine the bleach requirement of a pulp. It indicates
the number of grams of chlorine consumed by 100 g of pulp under specified
conditions.

Chromo
A term used to describe both papers and boards used for subsequent brush
coating. The various qualities are determined both by the actual grade of
base material used and the quality of the coating, which may be gummed.
Coating may be applied to one or both sides, depending on end use.

Cigarette Paper
This light weight, unsized paper (grammage 18 to 24g/m2), converted to
improve glowing. It normally has approx. 30% calcium carbonate as filler
to control the burning rate and match it with tobacco burning rate. Very
long fiber such as jute, cotton etc is used to achieve high strength and
porosity.

Clarifier
Basin where sludge is removed from treated effluent by settling.

Clay
A natural substance used as both a filler and coating ingredient to
improve a paper’s smoothness, brightness, opacity and/ or affinity for
ink.

Clay Coated Boxboard
A grade of paperboard that has been clay coated on one or both sides to
obtain whiteness and smoothness. It is characterized by brightness,
resistance to fading, and excellence of printing surface. Colored coatings
may also be used and the body stock for coating may be any variety of
paperboard.

Cleaners
A conical or partly cylindrical device with no moving parts, designed to
remove grit from thin-stock furnish by the centrifugal action of rotating
liquid.

Closed System

Papermaking system wherein white water is mainly re-circulated and not
discharged as effluent.

Clot
Thick element composed of several entangled fibers. Its presence is
harmful to the production process and needs to be eliminated.

Coarse Paper (also Industrial Paper)
Various grades of papers used for industrial application (abrasive, filter
etc.) rather than cultural purposes (writing, printing etc.)

Coat Weight
The amount of coating applied to base paper, expressed as pounds of
air-dried coating on the surface of a 25X38 in ream or grams per meter
square.

Coated Paper
Term that applies to paper which has a special coating applied to its
surface. Material such as clay, casein, bentonite, talc, applied by means
of roller or brush applicators; or plastics applied by means of roll or
extrusion coaters.

Coated White Top Liner
White liner that is coated to produce superior printability.

Coating
Process by which paper or board is coated with an agent to improve its
brightness and/or printing properties.

Coating Color

Mixture used to coat paper and board: contains pigment, binder, special
additives and water.

Coating Color Kitchen
Section of Coating Plant where coating colour is prepared and mixed

Cobb Test
Measures paper’s water absorption rate and is expressed as the amount of
water pick-up per unit surface area of paper by Tappi method T441. The
test duration must be specified to properly know the absorption rate.
United Nations (UN) and Code of Federal Regulations require the 30-minute
pick-up must be 155 grams per square meter or less for containerboard used
in hazardous material transport.

Cockle Finish
Produced by air drying paper with controlled tension. This uneven surface
is available in bond papers.

Cockle Finish Paper
A finish that simulates characteristics of hand made paper with a wavy,
rippled, puckered finish. The effect is obtained by air drying the paper
under minimum tension.

Cockling
When the surface of the paper has wave like appearance.

Coffee Filter Paper
Used for coffee filtering. Paper should have no impurities or fillers. It
is a wet strength paper and able to withstand boiling water. Synthetic
resins are used for to provide wet strength.

Cogeneration

It is the process to generate electricity from high pressure steam and
using low and/or medium pressure steam in the mill process.

Cold Blow
Pressure ejection of cooked pulp from batch or continuous digesters after
the pulp has been cooled to below 100oC. The cooling step reduces damage
to the fibers.

Colored Kraft
Natural or bleached kraft paper to which a dye or pigment has been added.

Colored Pigments
These are water insoluble colored materials. They belong in the category
of fillers and loading material but are colored and used in small
quantity. Pigments have no affinity to fiber and must be used in
conjunction with alum or a cationic retention aid in order to retain them.

Color-fast papers
Colored papers that will not run when wet or fade under bright light.

Combined Deinking
Deinking process combining flotation and washing.

Commodity Paper
A classification for low-quality bond and offset papers.

Compression Strength (CD or MD)

Can be referred to as ring crush or "STFI (stiffy)". The amount of force
needed to crush paper resting on its edge. Compression testers hold and
support the paper specimen so as to emulate its position and orientation
in the walls of a corrugated container. Due to the corrugated board making
process, paper must support compressive loads orthogonal to their grain (a
CD orientation). The test is unidirectional so the paper orientation
during testing must be known.

Condenser Tissue
A very thin paper of uniform thickness, good formation, and especially
free from conducting particles. Used as a dielectric between the foils of
condensers.

Coniferous Trees

Cone bearing and evergreen trees. Also known as soft wood trees. e.g.
pine, spruce etc.

Consistency
The percentage of bone dry solids by weight in pulp or stock.

Consistency Regulator
A device or instrument used to regulate the consistency of the pulp
on-line. Regulator works only in reducing the consistency i.e. add water,
but can’t remove water or thicken.

Construction Paper
Sheathing paper, roofing, floor covering, automotive, sound proofing,
industrial, pipe covering, refrigerator, and similar felts.

Containerboard
The paperboard components (linerboard, corrugating material and chipboard)
used to manufacture corrugated and solid fiberboard. The raw materials
used to make containerboard may be virgin cellulose fiber, recycled fiber
or a combination of both.

Continuous Pulping
Production of pulp in continuous digester as compared to a batch digester.

Contraries
Unsuitable material found in wastepaper which must be removed from the
pulp before making it into paper, e.g. paperclips, string, plastics.

Contrast

The degree of difference between light and dark areas in an image. Extreme
lights and darks give an image high contrast. An image with a narrow tonal
range has lower contrast.

Converting
The operation of treating, modifying, or otherwise manipulating the
finished paper and paperboard so that it can be made into end-user
products.

Cooking

Reacting fibrous raw material with chemical under pressure and temperature
to soften and or remove lignin to separate fibers.

Cooking Liquor
Liquor made up of selected chemicals and used for cooking pulp. e.g.
cooking liquor in kraft pulping mainly consist of NaOH and Na2S.

Cooling Cylinders or Cooling Drums
Water cooled cylindrical metal vessel over which dry paper web after
dryers is passed to cool the paper before calendering..

Copier Paper or Laser Paper
Lightweight grades of good quality and dimensionally stable papers used
for copying correspondence and documents. For detailed characteristics of
copier/Laser paper, please visit Paper Needs of Xerographic Machines (A
Summary) by Chuck Green

Copper Number
It is the measure of degree of fiber degradation. It is weight of copper
in grams reduced to cuprous state by 100 grams of pulp.

Cord
Pulpwood volume measurement indicating a pile measuring 4 ft x 4 ft x 8
ft, equaling 128 ft³ (3.62 in³). Also see cunit

Core
Fibrous tube used to wound paper for shipment.

Core Plug

Metal, wood, particleboard, or other material plugs which are driven into
the ends of the paper core of finished roll to prevent crushing of the
core.

Corona Treatment
An electrostatic treatment that reduces the surface tension of a substrate
(e.g., a polycoated substrate) to ensure adhesion of ink and glue.
The Corona treatment involves high voltage, high frequency electricity

discharged from an electrode when it pours through the polycoated board
increases the surface energy of the board to better receive inks or glue.

Correspondence Papers

Writing papers in attractive finishes, weights or colors.

Corrugated Board
Usually a nine-point board after if has passed through a corrugating
machine. When this corrugated board is pasted to another flat sheet of
board, it becomes single-faced corrugated board; if pasted on both sides,
it becomes double-faced corrugated board or corrugated (shipping)
containerboard.

Corrugated Container
Containers made with corrugating medium and linerboard.

Corrugated Medium or Fluting Media or Media
The wavy center of the wall of a corrugated container, which cushions the
product from shock during shipment (see flute). Media can contain up to
100% post-consumer recycled fiber content without reducing its ability to
protect the product.

Corrugator
Machine that presses medium into flutes, applies glue to the medium and
affixes sheets of linerboard to form corrugated board .

Cotton Fiber
Cotton is a natural fiber and is one of the strongest and most durable
fibers known to man. Papers manufactured of cotton fiber will last longer
and hold up better under repeated handling and variant environmental
conditions than paper made from wood pulp. Generally, given reasonable
care, one can expect one year of usable life for every 1% of cotton
contained in the sheet. Typically cotton fiber papers are made of either
all cotton fiber (100% cotton) or a blend of cotton and wood pulp.

Cotton Linter
The cotton fibers that adhere to the cottonseed used to produce pulp for
cotton fiber papers.

Cotton Paper or Rag Paper

Paper made with a minimum of 25% cotton fiber. Cotton paper is also called
rag paper.

Couch Pit or Hog Pit
This is the pit below the couch roll. It collects water draining from this
section, wet wire trim and any wet broke generated due to the paper break
at the wire part. Couch pit has agitator (s).

Couch Roll
Couch roll serves the following functions 1) Main drive for the wire, 2)
Transfer the wet sheet from wire part to press part and 3) Removes water
(if suction type couch roll). Couch roll can be solid or suction type.

Cover Paper
Any wide variety of fairly heavy plain or embellished papers, which are
converted into, covers for books, catalogs, brochures, pamphlets, etc.
Good folding qualities, printability, and durability characterize it.

Crack
1. A defect in coated paper, caused by the separation of the coating layer
on the formation of fissures in the surface of the coating due to printing
or other converting process.

2. Crack at fold: Fissures in the crease when any paper is folded
along a fold line. May be due to separation of coating or separation of
fibers. More prevalent when the paper has been over-dried. In boards it
may occur along score-folds even though the scoring has been done to
minimize cracking at the fold. The term is also applied when coatings
crack without fiber failure during a folding operation.

Creamwove Paper
Medium brightness paper now mainly used for computer stationery purposes
or school children note books.

Crease
1. Deformation remaining from a fold over.

2. Cross direction wrinkles (Washboard): Fold over of a web in the
cross machine direction, giving a crease running in the machine direction.

3. Blade crease: A crease essentially in the machine direction
devoid of coating in the creased area.

4. Calender Crease: Usually a sharp crease caused by passage through
the Calender of a crease or of a fold generated at the Calender; often cut
through when it is preferable to call it a Calender out.

5. Smoothed crease: A flattened-out crease running mainly in the
machine direction. Can occur at the wet press section, dryer (dryer
wrinkles), size press, winder or sheeter.

Crepe Paper
A light weight paper, normally colored, with crinkly finish used for party
decoration..

Creping
The operation of crinkling a sheet of paper to increase its stretch and
softness.

Crescent Former
Sheet forming section in a tissue machine, with the pulp suspension
jet-out of the headbox flowing between a felt and a wire both moving at
the same speed.

Crinkles
A defect in linerboards caused by the separation of the liner ply and/or
the formation of fissures (cracks) in the surface of the liner during
creasing.

Cross-machine Direction
A direction perpendicular to the direction of web travels through the
paper machine.

Crystallization

A condition of a dried ink film, which repels another ink printed on top
of it.

Cunit
A term used in the measurement of pulpwood, i.e. 100 cubic feet of solid
wood, bark excluded. One cunit corresponds to 2.83 cubic meter of wood.
Also see Cord

Curl
Tendency of paper by itself to bend or partly wrap around the axis of one
of its directions. For more details on Curl, please read Curl Basics by
Chuck Green.

Customark
A customark is a watermark made with a rubber printing plate treated with
a tranparentizing solution that leaves a mark in the paper. This process
produces a wire appearance in which the mark is lighter than the
surrounding paper. It can be produced in smaller quantities and at a lower
price than a genuine watermark, which requires a dandy roll.

Cut Sheet
Paper cut in sheets (letter, legal, A, B or any other standard size) to be
used in printer, photocopier, fax machines etc.

Cutter
A machine in the Finishing House of a paper mill, used for converting
paper from reel to specific sheet sizes.

Cutter Dust
Small loose paper particles which chip out of the edges of a sheet of
papers as it is cut by the chopping blade and/or disc knives on a sheet
cutter.

Cutting (Refining)

A refining or beating action that splits the fibers in to two or more
pieces.

Cylinder Mould or Cylinder Machine
It is a type of papermaking machine. Wire-covered cylinders are rotated
through a vat of pulp, and paper is formed as the water drains from the
cylinder. Cylinder machines are used primarily to manufacture paperboard.
Multi-cylinder machines produce multi-layered paperboard (one layer for
each cylinder).

D

Damask Paper
Paper with a finish that resembles linen.

Damp Streaks
Streaks caused by uneven pressing of drying during paper manufacturing.

Dampening
The process of keeping the non-image areas of lithographic plates to be
ink repellent by applying aqueous Fountain solution to the plate from the
Dampening system.

Dandy Roll
A hollow wire covered roll that rides on the paper machine wire and
compacts the newly formed wet web to improve the formation and if required
to impart watermark or laid finish the paper.

Debossing
Pressing letters or illustrations into a sheet of paper using a metal or
plastic die to create a depressed (debossed) image.

Decalcomania Paper

A type of transfer paper that allows the transfer a printed image to
another object such as glass. Also called a decal.

Deciduous Trees
Broad leafed or hardwood trees which lose their leaves in fall such as
birch, maple etc.

Decker
A drum type filter used for pulp thickening.

Deckle
The width of the wet sheet as it comes off the wire of a paper machine.
Also defied as the wood frame resting on or hinged to the edges of the
mould that defines the edges of the sheet in handmade papermaking or strap
or board on the wet end of a paper machine that determines the width of
the paper web.

Deckle Edge
The untrimmed, feathery edges of paper formed where the pulp flows against
the deckle.

Deculator
A device that removes entrained and dissolved air from dilute stock
furnish by applying vacuum as the stock is sprayed into an open chamber,
usually at the outlet of cleaners.

Decurler
A device on a web press or sheeter used to remove paper curl.

Defibration

Separation of wood fibers by mechanical and/or chemical means.

Deflaker
Deflaker mechanically treat the fiber flakes and bundles of fibers in the
stock in order that they are broken down into individual fibers in a
suspension if possible. This is done for a number of reasons and in a
number of positions within the system. It can be installed to reduce
remaining flakes after a pulper, in the broke system to reduce flakes
going back to the machine from the broke pulpers and can also be used in
the final stages of a screening system in a recycled fiber line to treat
the concentrated rejects and the flakes contained within it.

Degree of Polymerization (DP)
As applied to cellulose, refers to the average number of glucose unit in
each cellulose molecule of a pulp sample. Usually determined by the CED
viscosity test.

Deinked Pulp (DIP)
Paper pulp produced by deinking of recovered paper

Deinking
The process of removing inks, coatings, sizing, adhesives and/ or
impurities from waste paper before recycling the fibers into a new sheet.

Deinking Cell
A vessel or chest used to treat recycled paper with chemical to remove
ink.

Delamination
The separation of the layers of a multiplex paper/paperboard.

Delignification

The removal of lignin, the material that binds wood fibers together,
during the chemical pulping process.

Deliquescent
Material that has the ability to absorb enough moisture from the
surrounding atmosphere to revert it to a liquid form. Examples of
deliquescent include calcium chloride and ammonium nitrate.

Densitometer
A sensitive photoelectric instrument that measures the density of
photographic images or of colors. Used in quality control to accurately
determine the consistency of color throughout the run.

Deresination
Reducing the resin (pitch) content of wood prior to cooking either by
storage or using bleaching chemicals to reduce the resin content in pulp.

Diazo Base Paper
The process involves coating of paper with Diazo solutions and a coupler.
This is exposed to ultra violet rays coming through the image. The final
print is developed by making the coating alkaline. In some cases it is
developed by ammonia vapor.

Digester
The reaction vessel in which wood chips or other plant materials are
cooked with chemical to separate fiber by dissolving lignin.

Digital Printing
1. Printing by imaging systems that are fed imaging information as digital
data from pre-press systems.

2. Computer –to-plate Systems, which use printing plates, or other
images carriers that do not require intermediate films.

3. Computer-to-print (Plateless): Systems that produce reproductions
directly on the substrate without the need for intermediate films or
plates

A. Electronic printers: Electrophotographic printers, for black or
single color, used for short-run variable information and on-demand book
publishing.

B. Color copiers: Usually Electrophotographic printers, for spot or
four color process printing, used for making one or several copies of spot
or four color process subjects.

C. Electronic printing systems: Electrophotographic, magnetographic,
monographic, field effect, ink jet or thermal transfers printing. For
One-color, four color process or up to six-color printing. Used for some
degree of variable information, on-demand. Examples of use are direct
mail, temporary product labels for trade shows, billboard posters and the
like.

Dimensional Stability

The ability of paper or paperboard to maintain size. It is the resistance
of paper to dimensional change with change in moisture content or relative
humidity. Dimensional stability is essential for keeping forms in
registration during printing and keeping sheets from jamming or wrinkling
on press or in laser printers.

Dioxin
A group of 75 chlorinated compounds. Dioxins are formed in a complex
process, where chlorine combines with other additives during bleaching..

Direct Cooking
Batch cooking in which digester contents are heated by blowing steam
directly into the digester.

Direct Dye
Dye molecules that are sufficiently large and planar that they tend to
remain on a fiber surface without need of a fixative. Direct dyes have
moderate lightfastness but duller shades

Directionality
Dependency of a given paper property on the orientation of the fiber in
paper e.g. CD or MD.

Directory Paper
A light weight grade of catalog or printing paper with good strength, high
opacity and good printability. It is made from a mixture of bleached
chemical, semi-chemical, CMP and recycled fiber and used for printing
telephone directory.

Dirt
Dirt in paper consists of any imbedded foreign matter or specks, which
contrast in color to the remainder of the sheet.

Dirt Count

The average amount of dirt specks in a specific size of paper area. Both
virgin sheets and recycled sheets have "dirt," although recycled paper
usually has a slightly higher dirt count than virgin paper. However, it
rarely affects recycled paper’s quality and use.

Dispersants
Substances such as phosphates or acrylates that cause finely divided
particles to come apart and remain separate from each other in suspension.

Dispersion

Following the deinking process of waste papers, residual ink particles are
dispersed into tiny bits that are usually invisible to the eye. Bleaching
the fibers helps to remove the last of the inks and improve paper
brightness.

Displacement Washing
An event of pulp washing in which washing liquid displaces free liquor
from a pulp bed in order to improve the washing; enables washing with
reduced amount of water.

Dissolving Pulp
A high purity special grade pulp made for processing in to cellulose
derivatives including rayon and acetate.

Doctor Blade
Thin metal plate or scraper in contact with a roll along its entire length
to keep it clean. Blades are also used for creping.

Document Paper
Document paper is paper with a high ageing resistance. It is woodfree but
may also contain rags or be fully made from rags and is used for documents
that have to be preserved for a longer period.

Document Paper
Document paper is paper with a high ageing resistance. It is woodfree but
may also contain rags or be fully made from rags and is used for documents
that have to be preserved for a longer period.

Double Coating
Coating of paper or paperboard twice on one or both sides.

Down Cycling

Every time cellulose fibers are recycled they deteriorate slightly and
become contaminated, so the new product is of lower quality than the
original product which went to form the waste; the progressive
deterioration of fibers means that there is a limit to the number of times
they can be recycled, thus the term down cycling is used as a more
accurate description of recycling.

Drainage or Dewatering
Removal of water from wet web during formation of paper sheet.

Draw
Difference in speed between two adjacent section of the paper machine.

Drawing Paper
Dull finished paper that is of good quality and stable enough to withstand
erasing.

Dregs
The solids which settle down in the clarifiers in the Causticizing
process.

Drum Reel
The reel drum (also called a "pope reel") is motor driven under sufficient
load to ensure adequate tension on the sheet coming from the calendars.
The web wraps around the reel drum and feeds into the nip formed between
the drum and the collecting reel.

Drum Washer
One type of pulp washers; uses pressure gradient and filtration for
dewatering and displacement.

Dry Coating
Coating method in which a binder is applied to the paper surface followed
by dry coating pigment.

Dry End
That part of the paper machine where the paper is dried, surface sized,
calendered and reeled.

Dry Line

The dry line is the location on a Fourdrinier paper machine forming
section where the appearance of the wet web of paper changes abruptly.
Before the dry line the furnish has a glossy, wet appearance. After the
dry line the wet web appears dull. The optical change is related to the
effect of fibers poking through the air-water interface. On a
well-adjusted paper machine the dry line ought to be straight. Increased
refining and lower freeness of the pulp tend to move the dry line in the
direction of the couch. Chemicals that promote drainage tend to move the
dry line in the direction of the slice.

Dry Offset
Uses a rotary letterpress plate on an offset press. Because the image is
relief, the method requires no dampening. Image is transferred to a rubber
blanket, then to paper.

Dryer Felt
A continuous cotton and or synthetic belt and used in the dryer section of
a paper machine to press and maintain positive contact of the web against
the surface of the dryer cylinder.

Dryer Screen
A type of dryer felt made of synthetic material, with very high open area
to provide easy escape to vapors formed due to water evaporation. Dryer
screens are used in the later part of dryer section where paper is >60%
dry to avoid any screen impression.

Drying
This is the final stage of water removal from wet web of the paper formed
on wire. After pressing the moisture content of the web is apprx. 40-45%.
The remaining water (up to 95% dryness) is removed by evaporation . This
is done by moving the web around a series of steam heated iron drums in
the dry end of the paper machine.

Duplex Bag
Two-ply bags.

Duplex Board
Paperboard made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed
and joined together at wire part.

Duplex Paper
Paper made with two plies or layers. Normally two layers are formed and
joined together at wire part.

Dust
Loose flecks of fiber, filler and/or coating on the paper that sometimes
sticks to the printing blanket and prevents ink from reaching the paper
surface.

Dye

A chemical compound having the ability to absorb visible light over a
certain range of wavelengths so that the diffusely reflected light appears
colored. Dye can be basic, acidic or direct.

E

Edge Crush Resistance

The amount of force needed to crush on-edge of combined board is a primary
factor in predicting the compression strength of the completed box. When
using certain specifications in the carrier classifications, minimum edge
crush values must be certified.

Edge Cutter
Device comprising two jets of water which are adjustable across the wire
and which divide the wet web on the wire lengthwise so that the edges may
be removed, generally at the couch. In this way they control the width of
the web going forward from the wire part and give it comparatively clean
edges.

Effective Alkali
Caustic (NaOH) and one half of Sodium sulfide (05*Na2S) expressed as Na2O
in alkaline pulping liquor.

Effluent
Waste backwater and rejects from which fiber is recovered prior to
discharge from the mill.

Electric Resistivity
Resistivity characterizes how a sheet of paper accepts and holds a charge.
Since the electrostatic processes uses an electrical charge to form the
print image, the electrical properties of the sheet are important to the
overall imaging process.

Electrical Grade Paper
Strong, pin-hole free paper, sometimes impregnated with synthetic resins
and made from unbleached Kraft pulp. Electrical insulating paper must
neither contain fillers nor conductive contaminants (metals, coal, etc.)
nor salts or acids. Lava stone bars are used on rotor and stator to avoid
any metal contamination. Cable papers, that are wound around line wires in
a spiral-like fashion, are electrical insulating papers with a
particularly high strength in machine direction. Electrical grade papers
include cable papers, electrolytic papers and capacitor paper.

Electro photography
A printing process that uses principles of electricity and electrically
charged particles to create images - e.g., photocopiers and laser
printers.

Electronic Printing

Photocopiers, ink jet, laser printers and other similar printing methods
that create images using electrostatic charges rather than a printing
plate.

Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Used to clean up flue and process gases. Removes 99.5-99.8% of dust
particles emitted from recovery boilers, lime kilns and bark-fired
boilers.

Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF)
ECF papers are made exclusively with pulp that uses chlorine dioxide
rather than elemental chlorine gas as a bleaching agent. This virtually
eliminates the discharge of detectable dioxins in the effluent of pulp
manufacturing facilities.

Elongation
A property of paper that allows it to stretch.

Embossing
Pressing a shape into a sheet of paper with a metal or plastic die,
creating a raised (embossed) image.

Emulsion Coating
Coating of paper with an emulsion containing plastic or resin.

Enamel
A general term referring to coated paper that has a higher basis weight
than coated publication (magazine) paper but a lower basis weight and
caliper than coated cover paper.

End-leaf Paper

Strong, fine quality papers, either plain or coated and sometimes colored
or marbled used at both ends of a book. Also called sheets.

Engine Sizing
Old term used for beater sizing when sizing chemicals used to be added in
Engine or Beater.

English Finish
A smooth-finished, machine made and calendered book paper. It is soft,
dull and pliable. Normally used for letterpress printed magazines.

Engraving
A printing process using intaglio, or recessed, plates. Made from steel or
copper, engraved plates cost more than plates used in most other printing
processes, such as lithography. Ink sits in the recessed wells of the
plate while the printing press exerts force on the paper, pushing it into
the wells and onto the ink. The pressure creates raised letters and images
on the front of the page and indentations on the back. The raised
lettering effect of engraving can be simulated using a less costly process
called thermography.

Entrained Air
Entrained air consists of bubbles that are small enough (say less than 1
mm) to move along with the fibers.

Envelop Paper
The paper made specifically for die cutting and folding of envelopes on
high-speed envelop machine.

Environmental Stewardship Policy
A formalized mission statement establishing companywide green objectives
for both employees and customers.

Environmentally Preferable Paper (EPP)

EPP should have at least two of the following three characteristics:

1. 30% or more Post Consumer Recycled Content

2. TCF Bleaching

3. Forest Stewardship Council certified Forest Management for virgin
fiber sources.

Enzyme

A protein that has the ability to direct or catalyze a chemical reaction.

Enzyme Bleaching
Bleaching technique in which cooked and oxygen-delignified chemical pulp
is treated with enzymes prior to final bleaching. Allows pulp to be
bleached without chlorine chemicals.

Equilibrium Moisture Content
The moisture content of a paper that has reached a balance with the
atmosphere surrounding it, i.e. in a condition in which it will neither
give up nor absorb moisture

Equivalent Black Area
Of a dirt speck is defined as the area of a round black spot on a white
background of the TAPPI Dirt Estimation Chart which makes the same visual
impression on its background as does the dirt speck on the particular
background in which it is embedded.

Esparto
A grass from North Africa which makes a soft, ink receptive sheet.

Ethers Pulp
Generally these are high purity, high viscosity pulps that are swollen in
sodium hydroxide initially, followed by reaction with organic epoxides or
chlorides like ethylene oxide or methyl chloride to form an organic
polymer called cellulose ethers (methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,
carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.). Cellulose ethers are used for thickening
of fluids such as toothpaste, ketchup, shampoos, diet drinks and hundreds
of other applications.

Extended Cooking
Method of cooking pulp to low lignin content, thereby reducing the need
for bleaching chemicals.

Extensible Kraft

Very strong virgin Kraft papers which stretches (approximately 6%) more in
MD and tears less easily than regular Kraft paper.

External Fibrillation
A refining action that results in partial detachment of fibrils from outer
layer of a fiber.

Extractives
Any number of different compounds in biomass that are not an integral part
of the cellular structure. The compounds can be extracted from wood by
means of polar and non-polar solvents including hot or cold water, ether ,
benzene, methanol, or other solvents that do not degrade the biomass
structure. The types of extractives found in biomass samples are entirely
dependent upon the sample itself

Extruded Coating
Coating applied to paper or board using an extruder.

Extrusion Coated Board
Board that has been covered with a continuous layer of a thermoplastic
material, typically polyethylene or polypropylene, by the extrusion
coating process i.e. where a thermoplastic material is melted and forced
through a narrow slot onto a moving web of board.

F

Fabric Press

Paper machine wet press that uses a special multiple weave fabric belt
sandwiched between the regular felt and the rubber covered roll,
increasing the capacity to receive and remove water from the nip between
the rolls.

Falling Film Evaporator
A type of heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution consisting of a
non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows downward on the
heat exchange surface by gravity; the heat exchange surface is typically a
bundle of plates, lamellas or tubes; commonly used in pulp mills and
chemical recovery process.

Fan Pump
A high flow rate, low head pump used to pump diluted stock to paper
machine headbox.

Fanfold
Continuous multiple ply form manufactured from a single wide web which is
folded longitudinally.

Fan-out
A dimensional change in paper associated with its passage through a
printing unit. In web offset printing it is the increase in web width
after each blanket impression.

Fax Base Paper

It is first coated with photo conductive zinc oxide on which images are
exposed. Hence electrical conductivity / resistivity is to be controlled
to ensure that the image is not conducted through the paper to the other
side

Feathering
The tendency of liquid ink to spread along the paper fibers so that the
image produced does not have sharp, clean edges.

Felt
A woven cloth used to carry the web of paper between press and dryer rolls
on the paper machine.

Felt Finish
Surface characteristics of paper formed at the wet end of a paper machine,
using woven wool or synthetic felts with distinctive patterns to create a
similar texture in the finish sheets.

Felt Mark
Imprint left on the paper by one or more of the felts used in making the
paper. The mark may be wanted or unwanted and special effects can be
introduced in this way.

Felt Side
The side of the paper which does not touch the wire on the paper machine.
The "top side" or felt side is preferred for printing because it retains
more fillers.

Fiber Axis Ratio
Ratio of fiber width to fiber thickness.

Fiber Coarseness
Weight per unit length of fiber.

Fiber Cut
A fiber cut is a short, straight cut located on the edge of the web,
caused by a fiber imbedded in the web of paper.

Fiber Debris
Pieces of material which has been separated from the main body of the
fiber..

Fiber Floc
Fibers that have agglomerated as a result of poor formation.

Fiber or Fibre

The slender, thread-like cellulose structures that forms the main part of
tree trunk and from separated and suitably treated, cohere to form a sheet
of paper.

Fiber Orientation
Refers to the alignment of the fibers in the sheet.

Fiberboard
Board made from defibrated wood chips, used as a building board.

Fibrillae or Fibrils
String-like elements that are loosened from the paper fibers during the
beating process. They aid in the bonding processes when paper is being
manufactured.

Fibrillation
A structural change occurring in the walls of chemical pulp fibers during
beating.

Filler
Any inorganic substance added to the pulp during manufacturing of paper.

Filter Paper
Unsized paper made from chemical pulp, in some cases also with an
admixture of rags, sometimes with a wet strength finish. Filtration rate
and selectivity, which are both dependent on the number and the size of
the pores, can be controlled by specific grinding of the pulps and
creping.

Filtrate

The effluent from the washing or filtering process.

Fine Papers
Uncoated writing and printing grade paper including offset, bond,
duplicating and photocopying.

Fines
Small particles fiber defined arbitrarily by classification.

Finish
The surface characteristic of a sheet created by either on-machine or
off-machine papermaking processes. Popular text and cover finishes include
smooth, vellum, felt, laid, and linen.

Finishing
The trimming, winding, rewinding and packing of paper rolls or trimming,
cutting, counting and packing of paper sheets from parent roll.

Finishing Broke
Discarded paper resulting from any finishing operation.

First Pass Retention
First-pass retention gives a practical indication of the efficiency by
which fine materials are retained in a web of paper as it is being formed.
First-pass retention values can be calculated from just two consistency
measurements, the headbox consistency, and the white water consistency.
There is a very wide diversity of first-pass retention on different paper
machines, from less than 50% to almost 100%. The key rules that
papermakers follow are that (a) first-pass retention should have a steady
value, and (b) that value should be high enough to avoid operational
problems or an excessively two-sided sheet. Some operational problems that
can be caused by low values of first-pass retention are increased
frequency of deposit problems, filling of wet-press felts, poor drainage,
and unsteady drainage rates and sheet moistures.

Fish Eye

A paper defect appearing as glazed, translucent spot caused by slime,
fiber bundles, and/or improperly prepared chemical additives in the stock.

Flag
A strip of paper protruding from a roll or skid of paper. May be used to
mark a splice in a roll of paper or used to mark off reams in a skid.

Flame Resistant
Treatment applied to kraft paper to make it resistant to catching on fire
(not fire proof—will char but not burst into flame).

Flashing
Spontaneous boiling and cooling of a liquid caused by the reduction of
pressure below the vapor pressure of the liquid. Flashing occurs in blow
tank during blowing.

Flat Crush of Corrugated Board
A laboratory test (Tappi T808 or T825) of a single wall combined board
specimen to measure its resistance to crushing forces from conversion and
handling. Test can also be an indicator of flute formation and the
presence of crushed or leaning flutes.

Flexography
A form of rotary letterpress using flexible rubber or photopolymer plates.

Flexural Rigidity
The measurement of a combined board resistance to flexing. Combined with
ECT box perimeter and flute type, it is key to predicting box compression
resistance or static load resistance (Tappi T566).

Flocked Paper

Paper with a velvet-like, smooth unglazed surface.

Flotation Cell
Main equipment of Flotation Deinking, Large number of tiny air bubbles are
injected into the cleaned pulp, the free ink particles attach themselves
to these bubbles and float to the surface where it is skimmed off and
removed.

Flotation Deinking
Using flotation method for removing ink from paper during the de-inking
process.

Flotation Dryer
Non contacting dryer used in pulp drying or coating applications, drying
is achieved by passing sheet between two dryer hoods where hot dry air is
impinged onto the sheet and the moisture is evaporated and removed by an
air system.*

Fluff Pulp
A chemical, mechanical or combination of chemical/mechanical pulp, usually
bleached, used as an absorbent medium in disposable diapers, bed pads and
hygienic personal products. Also known as "fluffing" or "comminution" pulp

Fluorescent Dye
A coloring agent added to pulp to increase the brightness of the paper. It
may give a slight blue or green cast to the sheet.

Fluorescent Inks
Printing inks that emit and reflect light. Generally, they are brighter
and more opaque than traditional inks, but they are not color fast, so
they will fade in bright light over time. Their metallic content will also
affect dot gain and trapping.

Fluorescent Paper
Paper coated or surface treated with fluorescent dye to make it glow in
dark. Used for labels, posters and decorative application.

Fluorescent Whitening Agent
Also referred to as an "optical brightener." A chemical compound when
expose to a light containing an ultraviolet component will absorb and
re-emit light in the blue spectrum or in other words fluoresce. FWA’s will
enhance brightness and blueness quality of white paper.

Flute
One of the wave shapes pressed into corrugated medium. Flutes are
categorized by the size of the wave. A, B, C, E and F are common flute
types, along with a variety of much larger flutes and smaller flutes.

Flute (A,B,C,E,F&G)
These letters define the type of corrugated material in terms of the
number of corrugations per unit length and the height of the corrugations
- specifically these are:

Flute
Corrugations per metre
Height of corrugation (mm)

A
105 - 125
4.5 - 4.7

B
150 - 185

2.1 - 2.9

C
120 - 145
3.5 - 3.7

E
290 - 320
1.1 - 1.2

F

410 - 420
0.7 - 0.8

G
550 - 560
0.5 - 0.6

Fluted Edge Crush
Measures the edgewise compression strength of corrugating medium using a
fluted test specimen per Tappi T824.

Fluting
Waves or corrugation in heat-set web offset prints that runs in the press
direction.

Fly Leaf/Shaving
Trim scrap from printing operation.

Foamboard
C1S paperboard designed for lamination to a foam backing for
point-of-purchase displays, posters, and signs.

Foil of Hydrafoil

The flat strip used to support wire. Only the leading edge of the wire
touches the foil. Foil helps in removing water by creating gentle suction
and also doctor the water removed in previous section.

Folding
Doubling up a sheet of paper so that one part lies on top of another.
Folding stresses the paper fibers. To create a smooth, straight fold,
heavy papers like cover stocks and Bristol need to be scored before
they’re folded.

Folding Boxboard
Single or multi-layer paperboard made from primary and/or secondary
fibers, sometimes with a coated front, used to make consumer packaging
(cartons).

Folding Strength or Folding Endurance
Folding strength is most important in currency paper. Multiple fold
strength is also important for paper used in books, maps, and pamphlets.
It’s far less important in one-fold greeting cards or envelopes, where
fold cracking is the vital consideration. Folding endurance or strength is
measured and reported in numbers.

Forest Stewardship Council-certified
Certification from an international non-profit which verifies responsible
forest practices.

Form Bond
A lightweight commodity paper designed primarily for printed business
forms. It is usually made from chemical wood and/or mechanical pulps.
Important product qualities include good perforating, folding, punching,
and manifolding properties. The most common end use for this grade is
carbon-interleaved multi-part computer printout paper, which is marginally
punched, cross-perforated, and fanfolded.

Formation
The dispersion of fibers in a sheet of paper. The more uniform and tightly
bound the fibers, the better the sheet will print and look. Close
Formation - Uniform distribution of fibers. Cloudy formation: A spotty,
non-uniform dispersion of fibers, the opposite of close formation.

Forming Board

Forming Board is the leading forming unit under the fabric closest to the
slice. The stock jet velocity, the impingement angle and the position of
the impingement onto the forming board will determine the water removal
and the activity produced at this point. Modern Forming Boards are stepped
to create activity at high speeds – this greatly enhances the formation.

Fountain Roller
The roller on a printing machine which initiates the supply of moisture to
the damping system.

Four-color Printing Process

A printing method that uses dots of magenta (red), cyan (blue), yellow,
and black to simulate the continuous tones and variety of colors in a
color image. Reproducing a four-color image begins with separating the
image into four different halftones by using color filters of the opposite
(or negative) color. For instance, a red filter is used to capture the
cyan halftone, a blue filter is used to capture the yellow halftone, and a
green filter is used to capture the magenta halftone. Because a printing
press can’t change the tone intensity of ink, four-color process relies on
a trick of the eye to mimic light and dark areas.

Each halftone separation is printed with its process color (cyan,
magenta, yellow, and black). When we look at the final result, our eyes
blend the dots to recreate the continuous tones and variety of colors we
see in a color photograph, painting, or drawing.

Fourdrinier
Named after its inventor, the Fourdrinier papermaking machine is
structured on a continuously moving wire belt on to which a watery slurry
of pulp is spread. As the wire moves, the water is drained off and pressed
out, and the paper is then dried.

Free Stock
Unrefined stock. Stock that, when drained under gravity, parts easily with
the water of suspension

Freeness
A term used to define how quickly water is drained from the pulp. The
opposite of freeness is slowness. Freeness or slowness is the function of
beating or refining. Freeness and slowness reported in ml CSF and degree
SR respectively are also the measurement of degree of refining or beating.

Freesheet

Paper containing less than 10% mechanical wood pulp, which is true of
virtually all fine printing papers. Sometimes referred to as wood-free.

French Fold
A sheet printed on one side and folded first vertically and then
horizontally to produce a four-page folder.

Fruit Wrapping Paper
A lightweight tissue used for wrapping fruit for shipment. Sometimes
treated chemically to retard decay of the fruit with which it is in
contact.

Fully Bleached Pulp
Pulp that has been bleached to the highest brightness attainable (> 60
ISO).

Furnish
A blend of fibers, pigments, dyes, fillers and other materials that are
fed to the wet end of the paper machine.

Fuzz
Fibrous projections on the surface of a sheet of paper, caused by
excessive suction, insufficient beating or lack of surface sizing. Lint
appears in much the same manner but is not attached to the surface.

G

Gasket Board
A highly absorbent pulp board, which is chemically treated for use in
making gaskets.

Gatefold
Two or more parallel folds on a sheet of paper with the end flaps folding
inward.

Ghosting
Variation in ink gloss, density or color that are not part of the original
design, but appear as a repeat or ghost image associated with another area
of the copy.

Glassine Paper
A translucent paper made from highly beaten chemical pulp and subsequently
supercalendered.

Glazed Paper

Paper with high gloss or polish, applied to the surface either during the
process of manufacture or after the paper is produced, by various methods
such as friction glazing, calendering, plating or drying on a Yankee
drier.

Gloss
The property that’s responsible for a paper’s shiny or lustrous
appearance; also the measure of a sheet’s surface reflectivity. Gloss is
often associated with quality: higher quality coated papers exhibit higher
gloss.

Gloss Mottle
Blotchiness or non-uniformity in the paper’s gloss (unprinted or printed).
Typically only visible at certain viewing angles. Usually attributable to
poor formation and heavy calendering.

Grade
Papers are differentiated from each other by their grade. Different grades
are distinguished from each other on the basis of their content,
appearance, manufacturing history, and/or their end use.

Grain
The direction in which most fibers lie in a sheet of paper. As the pulp
slurry moves forward on the papermaking machine’s formation wires, the
fibers tend to align themselves in the direction of movement. Binding
books parallel to the grain allows for a smoother fold then working across
the grain. Grain direction of sheet fed papers is usually indicated by
underlining the number, e.g., 23" X -35". On a web press, the grain
direction should run along the length of the paper web.

Grain Long
Grain running lengthwise along a sheet of paper.

Grain Short
Grain running widthwise along a sheet of paper.

Grammage
Weight in grams of one square meter of paper or board (g/m2); also basis
weight.

Granite Paper
A paper containing a small percentage of deeply dyed fibers to give a
characteristic mottled effect.

Gravure

A printing process that uses intaglio, or recessed, image carriers. The
image carrier, which is flat or cylindrical, moves through an ink pool. A
blade scrapes excess ink off the plane of the plate, leaving ink in the
recessed wells. A second cylinder presses the paper onto the plates, where
it picks up ink from the wells. The high speed of gravure presses and the
durability of the metal intaglio plates make gravure an economical
printing method suitable for large print runs (more than two million
copies).

Gravure Paper
Paper for gravure printing that has very low print roughness and good
wettability of gravure inks.

Gray Board
A homogeneous board made usually of mixed waste papers with or without
screenings and mechanical pulp on a continuous board machine, in thickness
less then 1 mm.

Greaseproof Paper
A protective wrapping paper made from chemical wood pulps, which are
highly hydrated in order that the resulting paper may be resistant to oil
and grease.

Green House Gases
Gases that provide an insulating effect in the earth’s atmosphere,
potentially leading to global climate change. These gases include carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapor.

Green Fatigue
The eco-exhaustion experienced by those bombarded with green products,
services and news from advertisers, the media and companies.

Green Liquor
The liquor that results when the inorganic smelt from the recovery furnace
is dissolved in water is called "green" liquor.

Green Paper
Immature paper which has not been conditioned or had the opportunity to
mature naturally.

Greenwashing
A term used to describe the perception by many consumers that they are
being misled on environmental practices of a company, or the benefits of a
company’s product or service.

Greenfield Mill
Mill or production facility built on undeveloped site.

Grinder
A machine in which logs are defibrated against a revolving grindstone.

Groundwood Papers
A general term applied to a variety of papers made with substantial
proportions of mechanical wood pulp together with bleached or unbleached
chemical wood pulps (generally sulfite), or a combination of these, and
used mainly for printing and converting purposes.

Groundwood Pulps

A mechanically prepared (by grinding wood logs against a rough surfaced
roll rotating at very high speed) coarse wood pulp used in newsprint and
other low cost book grades where it contributes bulk, opacity, and
compressibility. Groundwood pulp is economical since all the wood is used;
however, it contains impurities that can cause discoloration and weakening
of the paper.

Guar Gum

A natural polymer that is used as a dry-strength additive, often as a
cationic derivative.

Guillotine
A machine used to trim stacks of paper, which works the same way the
original French guillotine worked. A cutting blade moves between two
upright guides and slices the paper uniformly as it moves downward.

Gummed Paper
The main ingredient in gypsum board is gypsum (calcium sulfate - Ca2SO4),
a mineral.. Board is lined with sheet of paper on both sides. This is used
for making panel boards for interior partitions, false ceiling etc.

Gurley Porosity
A method to measure the air permeability of paper by TAPPI method T536.
See "Air permeability."

Gypsum Board
The main ingredient in gypsum board is gypsum (calcium sulfate - Ca2SO4),
a mineral.. Board is lined with sheet of paper on both sides. This is used
for making panel boards for interior partitions, false ceiling etc.

H

Half + Letter Fold
This fold is perfect for newsletters. An 11" x 17" sheet folded this way
has only one open side and fits into a #10 envelope. The newsletter looks
good and is easy to handle.

Half Fold
The half fold is commonly used for brochures and greeting cards. For cover
weight paper, a score is usually required to produce a smooth folded edge.

Half Tone
Picture with gradations of tone, formed by dots of varying sizes in one
color.

Handmade Paper
A sheet of paper, made individually by hand, using a mould and deckle.

Hanging Paper
The raw stock used in making wall paper. The converter usually coats it
with a ground coat of clay, and then prints it with any decorative design
desired.

Hard Cook

Undercooked pulp with respect to target conditions.

Hard Pulp
Chemical pulp with a high lignin content.

Hard Sized Paper
Paper treated with high degree of internal sizing.

Hardwood
Wood from trees of angiosperms class, usually with broad leaves. Trees
grown in tropical climates are generally hardwood. Hardwood grows faster
than softwood but have shorter fibers compared to softwood.

Head Box or Flow Box or Breast Box
The part of the paper machine whose primary function is to deliver a
uniform dispersion of fibers in water at the proper speed through the
slice opening to the paper machine wire.

Heart Wood
The dark colored , center of a tree trunk, consisting of dormant wood.

Heat Seal Paper
Paper that has an adhesive coating applied to it that requires heat to
activate the adhesion properties.

Heat Set Web

An offset printing process done on a web of paper supplied in a roll. The
term heat set originates from the inks used in the process. They contain
high amounts of solvent flashed off in ovens to dry at very high speeds.
Web presses perfect or print both sides of the sheet simultaneously.

Heat Transfer Paper
The paper used in Thermal transfer printing (Sublimation printing).

Heat Transfer Paper
The paper used in Thermal transfer printing (Sublimation printing).

Hemicellulose
A constituent of woods that is, like cellulose, a polysaccharide, but less
complex and easily hydrolysable.

Herbaceous Plants
Non-woody species of vegetation, usually of low lignin content such as
grasses.

Hickey
An irregularity in the ink coverage of a printed page. Hickeys are caused
by paper or pressroom dust, dirt, or pick out on the printing blanket, all
of which prevent the ink from adhering to the paper surface.

Hi-Fi (High Finish) Paper
Machine calendered newsprint.

High Finish

Smooth finish applied to paper to improve the printing surface.

Hold Out
Resistance of paper surfaces to the absorption of ink. High Hold Out
offers higher resistance to ink absorption. Regular Hold Out allows
greater ink absorption.

Holocellulose
The total carbohydrate fraction of wood — cellulose plus hemicellulose.

Hologravure
Printining process by which great continuous 3D depth is achieved using
textures and patterns.

Hood
A hood covering the paper machine drying section and designed for moist
air removal.

Hot Groundwood Pulp
Mechanical pulp produced by grinding logs that have been pre-treated with
steam.

Hot Melt
A type of glue or adhesive applied while hot/warm.

Hydration

The prolonged beating or refining of cellulose pulp in water to reduce it
to a semi-gelatinous mass.

Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching
A method in which pulp is bleached in an alkaline environment with
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sometimes using oxygen reinforcement. The method
considerably reduces the need for chlorine-containing chemicals in the
final bleaching of chemical pulps.

Hydrophilic
Having strong affinity for water.

Hydrophobic
Lacking affinity for water.

Hydropulper
An equipment used to slush broke/paper in to pulp.

Hygroscopic
Having the property to absorb water vapor from the surrounding atmosphere.
Most of the papers (except glassine, greaseproof or wet strength etc.) are
hygroscopic in nature.

I

Imbibition
The absorption of liquid by a fiber without a corresponding increase in
volume.

Impregnation
Process of treating a sheet of paper with a chemical or wax so that the
treatment penetrates into the paper.

Impression Cylinder
The cylinder or flat bed of a printing press that holds paper while an
inked image from the blanket is pressed upon it.

Impression Watermark
Semi-genuine watermark made in the paper machine press section using
engraved rolls while the web is still wet.

Index Paper

A stiff, inexpensive paper with a smooth finish. The high bulk but low
weight of this paper makes it a popular choice for business reply cards.

Industrial Papers
A very general term, which is used to indicate papers manufactured for
industrial uses as opposed to cultural purposes. Thus, building papers,
insulating papers, wrapping papers, packaging papers, etc. would be
considered industrial papers.

Infra Red Drying
Electric or gas infra red dryers used to initially achieve immobilization
of the fluid coating and commence the drying process.

Ink
Printing inks are made up of pigment, pigment carrier and additives
formulated to reduce smudging, picking and other printing problems
associated with ink. The choice of ink depends on the type of paper and
printing process.

Ink Absorption
A paper’s capacity to accept or absorb ink.

Ink Coverage
The portion of the total surface area of the paper which is covered by
ink. The portion of the coverage usually is expressed in terms of percent
of ink coverage.

Ink Holdout
The way the ink pigment sits on the surface of the paper. Strong ink
holdout results in a sharp, bright image.

Ink Jet Printing

Printing process of an image or text by small ink particles projected onto
the paper surface.

Ink Tack
The body or cohesiveness of ink. The measure of tack as the force required
to split an ink film.

Insect Resistant
Paper treated with insecticide compounds to make it resistant to insect
attack.

Insider Liner
The liner bonded to the medium at the single facer. Called inside liner
because it is the inside facing of a corrugated box. Also called the
single face liner.

Insulating Board
A type of board composed of some fibrous material, such as wood or other
vegetable fiber, sized throughout, and felted or pressed together in such
a way as to contain a large quantity of entrapped or "dead" air. It is
made either by cementing together several thin layers or forming a
non-laminated layer of the required thickness. It is used in plain or
decorative finishes for interior walls and ceilings in thickness of 0.5
and 1 inch (in some cases up to 3 inches) and also as a water-repellent
finish for house sheathing. Desirable properties are low thermal
conductivity, moisture resistance, fire resistance, permanency, vermin and
insect resistance, and structural strength. No single material combines
all these properties but all should be permanent and should be treated to
resist moisture absorption.

Insulating Board
A type of board composed of some fibrous material, such as wood or other
vegetable fiber, sized throughout, and felted or pressed together in such
a way as to contain a large quantity of entrapped or "dead" air. It is
made either by cementing together several thin layers or forming a
non-laminated layer of the required thickness. It is used in plain or
decorative finishes for interior walls and ceilings in thicknesses of 0.5
and 1 inch (in some cases up to 3 inches) and also as a water-repellent
finish for house sheathing. Desirable properties are low thermal
conductivity, moisture resistance, fire resistance, permanency, vermin and
insect resistance, and structural strength. No single material combines
all these properties but all should be permanent and should be treated to
resist moisture absorption.

Intaglio
A method of printing in which an image or letter is cut into the surface
of wood or metal, creating tiny wells. Printing ink sits in these wells,
and the paper is pressed onto the plate and into the wells, picking up the
ink.

1. Gravure is considered an intaglio printing process.
2. In papermaking, watermarking from countersunk depressions in the dandy
roll to provide a whiter or denser design instead of increased
transparency.

Integrated Mill
A mill which starts with logs or wood chips and first produces wood pulp
which it then processes to make paper or board.

Intermittent Board Machine

A machine for producing sheets of thick board by winding the web formed on
a Fourdrinier wire or cylinder mould (s) around a making roll to form a
sheet consisting of several layers. When the thickness is sufficient the
layers are cut, so forming a sheet which is removed from the machine for
drying and any further processing.

Internal Bonding Strength
Determines how strongly the coating is fused to the body stock. Caused by
long periods of hydration, paper with high internal bonding strength
resists picking during the printing process

Internal Fibrillation
Loosening of internal bond within a fiber.

Internal Sizing
Occurs when sizing materials are added to the water suspension of pulp
fibers in the papermaking process. Also known as Beater, or Engine sizing.

International Paper and Board Sizes
Also known as ISO sizes are widely used in metric countries. ISO standards
are based on a rectangle whose sides have a ratio of one to the square
root of 2 (1.414). No matter how many times a sheet of these proportions
is halved, each will retain the same constant proportions. There are three
ISO series A, B, and C.

The A Series: The A series is for general printed matter including
stationary and publications.

SIZE Millimeters

4A0 1682 x 2378
2A0 1189 x 1682
A0 841 x 1189
A1 594 x 841
A2 420 x 594

A3 297 x 420
A4 210 x 297
A5 148 x 210
A6 105 x 148
A7 74 x 105
A8 52 x 74

The B series: The B series is about half way between two A sizes. It
is intended as an alternative to the A series, used primarily for posters
and wall charts.

SIZE Millimeter

B0 1000 x 1414
B1 707 x 1000
B2 500 x 707
B3 353 x 500

B4 250 X 353
B5 176 x 250
B6 125 x 176
B7 88 x 125
B8 62 x 88
B9 44 x 44

B10 31 x 44

The C series: The C series is used for folders, post cards and
envelopes. C series envelope is suitable to insert A series sizes.

SIZE Millimeter

C0 917 x 1297
C1 648 x 917

C2 458 x 648
C3 324 x 458
C4 229 x 324
C5 162 x 229
C6 114 x 162
C7 81 x 114

C8 57 x 81

RA Series Formats
RA0 860 x 1220
RA1 610 x 860
RA2 430 x 610
RA3 305 x 430

RA4 215 x 305

SRA Series Formats
SRA0 900 x 1280
SRA1 640 x 900
SRA2 450 x 640
SRA3 320 x 450

SRA4 225 x 320

Envelopes
DL 110 x 220
C6 114 x 162
C5 162 x 229
C4 229 x 458

C3 324 x 458

ISO Brightness
The brightness of paper and board measured at a wavelength of 457
nanometers under standard conditions.

Ivory Board
High-quality board made in white or colors with a bright, clear
appearance, particularly used for visiting cards and similar high-class
printed work. Original Ivory Board was and still is made in Holland,
although the grade is made in many countries.

J

Japan Paper
An imitation of the Japanese vellum paper in which the fibers are very
long and have a very irregular formation, giving the surface a
characteristic mottled effect. Used for greeting cards, novelties and
artistic printing of various types. The real Japanese paper is made from
very long native fibers, such as paper mulberry, mitsumata, etc.

Jet to Wire Speed Ratio
Papermakers adjust the jet-to-wire speed ratio to fine-tune the paper
structure. The "jet" is the narrow stream of dilute stock that comes out
of the headbox slice opening. The "wire" is the continuous belt of forming
fabric. Often it is possible to improve the uniformity of paper by running
jet-to-wire speed ratio as one. "Rushing the sheet" means that the jet
speed is higher than the wire speed. "Dragging the sheet" means that the
wire speed is higher than the jet speed. Especially in the case of
dragging, increasing values of jet-to-wire speed ratio tend to align
fibers in the machine direction. For square sheet (paper which has same
strength properties in CD and MD), jet to wire ratio should be kept as
close to one as possible.

Job Lot
Out of specification, defective or discontinued types of paper made in
small quantities for special orders and sometimes sold at lower than
regular prices.

Jog
To shake a stack of papers, either on a machine or by hand, so that the
edges line up. Finisher jog the paper to remove any improperly cut sheet.
Printers jog the paper to get rid of any dust or particles and to ensure
proper feeding into the press.

Jumbo Roll
A roll of paper, direct from the paper machine, wound on a machine winder
spool as distinct from rolls that have been slit and rewound on cores.

Jute Paper
Any paper made from jute fiber or burlap waste. The fiber is long and the
paper has high strength and good folding properties. The name is becoming
misleading because of its application to fiber furnishes which contain
little or no jute.

K

Kaolin
White clay used as an additive and filler in paper and coating made up
chiefly of minerals of the kaolinite type.

Kappa Number
A term used to define the degree of delignification. Modified permanganate
test value of pulp which has been corrected to 50 percent consumption of
the chemical. Kappa number has the advantage of a linear relationship with
lignin content over a wide range. Kappa Number x 0.15% = % lignin in pulp

Kenaf
An annual agricultural plant, native of India, which has along fiber in
the bark that, is suitable for papermaking.

Kiss Impression

The lightest impression (anilox and plate to substrate) possible to
properly reproduce the image on paper.

Knotter
Vibratory screens used for separating knots, uncooked chips and shives
from the pulp at the blow tank.

Knotter Pulp
Pulp made from the rejects from chemical pulp screening.

Kozo
The most common fiber used in Japanese papermaking, it comes from the
mulberry tree. It is a long, tough fiber that produces strong absorbent
sheets.

Kraft Bag Paper
A paper made of sulfate pulp and used in the manufacture of paper bags. It
normally has a greater bulk and a rougher surface than the usual kraft
wrapping paper.

Kraft Paper
A paper of high strength made from sulfate pulp. Kraft papers vary from
unbleached Kraft used for wrapping purposes to fully bleached Kraft used
for strong Bond and Ledger papers.

Kraft Pulp
Chemical wood pulp produced by digesting wood by the sulfate process
(q.v.). Originally a strong, unbleached coniferous pulp for packaging
papers, kraft pulp has now spread into the realms of bleached pulps from
both coniferous and deciduous woods for printing papers

Kraft Waterproof Paper

A highly moisture resistant paper made of sulfate pulp and treated with
moisture repellent material such as paraffin wax or asphalt and used for
wrapping purposes.

Kraftliner
Paperboard of grammages of 120g and more, generally made from bleached or
unbleached sulfate pulp and used as an outer ply in corrugated board.

L

Label
A separate slip or sheet of paper affixed to a surface for identification
or description. For fiberboard boxes, includes: Full Label, Mailing or
shipping Label, Spot Label and UPC (Universal Product Code) Label.

Label Paper

Mostly one-side coated papers which must be printable in 4-colour offset
and gravure printing. These papers are usually suitable for varnishing,
bronzing and punching and sometimes also feature wet strength and alkali
resistance (See "Wet strength and alkali resistant paper") in order to
en-sure the removal of the labels e.g. in the bottle rinsing machines of
breweries

Laid
A finished produced with a dandy roll having closely spaced wires.

Laid Lines

A continuous watermark consisting of very close parallel lines, generally
associated with spaced lines (chain lines) at right angles to these.

Laid Paper
Paper that has a laid finish. Commonly used for letterheads and
personalized stationary.

Laminated Linerboard
Two or more plies of linerboard adhered to one another for increased
structural stability.

Laminated Paper
A paper built up to a desired thickness or a given desired surface by
joining together two or more webs or sheets. The papers thus joined may be
alike or different; a totally different material, such as foil, may be
laminated with paper.

Laminator
A machine that adheres multiple plies of paper or fiberboard. May be used
to adhere full labels to a facing, or, for enhanced structural properties,
multiple facings, corrugating mediums or sheets of combined board.

Laser Printing
Xerographic printing where a modulated laser ray is projected on to a
photoconductive cylinder or belt by a rotating mirror. The laser serves to
product the electrostatic latent image, which is developed with toners.

Layboy
A device at the end of cutter for jogging sheets in to a square pile.

Leachate

Water that has as a component of dissolved matter accumulated as a result
of passing through material. e.g. rain water passing through waste dump.

Ledger Paper
A strong paper usually made for accounting and records. It is similar to
Bond paper in its erasure and pen writing characteristics.

LEED-certified
Abbreviation for “Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design”, a green
building rating system that encourages global adoption of sustainable
green buildings and development practices.

Letter Fold
This common fold, used for mailings and brochures, is much like a letter
folded

by hand for inserting in an envelope. The letter fold produces a
self-contained unit,

easily handled by automated envelope inserters.

Letter Press

A process of printing in which raised images are coated with ink and
pressed directly onto a paper or paperboard surface

Lick Coating
A light form of mineral coating, achieved by supplying the surface sizing
press of the paper making machine with coating material instead of normal
surface sizing solution.

Lifecycle
Analysis of a product from production stage to disposal.

Light Weight Coated (LWC)
Coating applied at 7-10 g/m2 on one or both sides of the paper

Light Weight Coating (LWC)
Coating applied at 7-10 g/m2 on one or both sides of the paper.

Light Weight Paper
Papers having a grammage (basis weight) normally less than 40 g/m2.

Lightfastness
The speed at which a pigment or colored paper fades in sunlight. or
How permanent a color is or how unaffected by light it is.

Lignin
A complex constituent of the wood that cement the cellulose fibers
together. Lignin is brown in color. Lignin is largely responsible for the
strength and rigidity of plants, but its presence in paper is believed to
contribute to chemical degradation. To a large extent, lignin can be
removed during manufacturing.

Lignocellulose
Refers to plant materials made up primarily of lignin, cellulose, and
hemicellulose.

Like-Sided
Paper that has the same appearance and characteristics on both sides.

Lime Sludge or Sludge
Sludge of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formed during preparation of white
liquor in the chemical recovery process.

Linear Paper

A watermarked sheet with lines to guide the user.

Linen Finish
A finished paper that has an overall embossed pattern on the surface
resembling the look and feel of linen cloth, and one manufactured with
engraved embossing rolls.

Linen Paper
Paper with a finish that resembles linen cloth.

Liner
A creased fiberboard sheet inserted as a sleeve in a container and
covering all side walls. Used to provide extra stacking strength or
cushioning. Also used as a short hand for "linerboard" or facing."

Linerboard

The inner and outer layers of paper that form the wall of a corrugated
board.

Lines Per Inch (LPI)
The number of lines in an inch, as found on the screens that create
halftones and four-color process images (for example, "printed 175-line
screen"). The more lines per inch, the more detailed the printed image
will be. With the demand for computer-generated imagery, the term "dots
per inch" (which refers to the resolution of the output), is replacing the
term "lines per inch."

Lint
Loosely bonded fibers at the paper surface that attached to the plate or
blanket of the printing machine.

Litho
A generic term for any printing process in which the image area and the
non-image area exist on the same plate and are separated by a chemical
repulsion. Usually oil based offset printing.

Litmus Paper
An absorbent paper saturated with, litmus, a water-soluble dye extracted
from certain lichens. The resulting piece of paper becomes a pH indicator,
used to test materials for acidity. Blue litmus paper turns red under
acidic conditions and red litmus paper turns blue under basic conditions,
the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5-8.3 (at 25°C).

Loading
Addition of fillers

Look Through

The appearance of the paper when held up to transmitted light. It
discloses whether the formation is even and uniform or lumpy and ‘wild’.
For book publishing papers, a regular, even look through is desirable,
indicating a well made, uniform sheet

M

M Weight
The weight of one thousand sheets of paper, any size; or double the ream
weight.

M2 Yield/Ton
A measure of the surface area of paper/paperboard which is obtained from a
ton of paper.

Machine Chest

Usually the last large chest or tank that contains thick-stock pulp before
it is made into paper.

Machine Clothing or Paper Machine Clothing
Fabrics of various types employed on the paper machine to carry the web
and perform other functions. It includes the machine wire, dandy roll
cover, press felts and dryer felts etc., which may be composed of natural
or synthetic materials.

Machine Crepe
Crepe paper produced on the paper machine, and not as a secondary option.

Machine Direction
The direction of the web through the paper machine.

Machine Finish
Finished produced on the paper as it leaves either the machine or the
calender stack. For increased printability, or smoothness when used as a
liner, etc.

Machine Glazed
Machine glazed. Paper with a glossy finish on one side produced on the
paper machine by a Yankee cylinder.

Machine Speed
The rate at which paper machine runs, expressed as m/min or ft/min.

Machine Width

Width of the paper web in the paper machine.

Manifold Paper
A light weight bond paper used for making carbon or manifold copies or for
airmail correspondence.

Manila
A semi-bleached chemical sulfate paper. Not as strong as Kraft, but have
better printing qualities.

Manufacturing Order
Also known as making order. A quantity of paper manufactured to custom
specifications, such as a special weight, color, or size not available as
a standard stocking item.

Map Paper
Paper used for making maps must be subject to minimum change in dimensions
with moisture to avoid poor register of colors. Wet strength properties
are often demanded.

Marbling
Addition of strongly stained fibers to the stock to give the paper a
marbled appearance.

Market Pulp
Pulp which is made to be used elsewhere for the production of paper.
Usually dried to reduce freight costs but may be "wet lap" ( 50% water).

Matrix Paper
A bulky, absorbent paper used for making molds for casting printing
plates. It must have high compressibility and strength when wet, and
become rigid and hard when molded and dried. It is sometimes made by
allowing a thin web to wind up on the cylinder of a wet-machine and
cutting it off when of the proper thickness.

Matte Finish
A dull, clay-coated paper without gloss or luster.

Maximum Trimmed Width
The greatest width of usable paper that is possible to make on a given
paper making machine, i.e. the full width less the necessary trim to give
clean edges. There is 3-10% width shrinkage (depending on freeness of
stock) in dryers. It is not possible to specify sizes which, in aggregate,
exceed this width.

Mechanical Paper
This paper contains mechanical pulp, thermomechanical pulp (TMP) or
chemithermo-mechanical pulp (CTMP) and also chemical pulp. The shares of
chemical and mechanical pulp vary depending on the application. Highly
mechanical papers such as newsprint tend to yellow more rapidly if exposed
to light and oxygen than woodfree papers so that they are mainly used for
short-lived products. In printing papers the mechanical pulp improves
opacity.

Mechanical Pulp

Pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips. It is used
mainly for newsprint and as an ingredient of base stock for lower grade
printing papers.

Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF)
A composite panel made from wood fibers and resin and formed under
pressure and heat. MDF has a smooth surface and good machinability, and is
used for furniture, cabinetry and millwork.

Metalization Base Paper
Paper used for very high vacuum deposition. Metals are vaporized at low
temperature but very high vacuum and deposited on paper. Base paper is
light weight, no conductive particles and no pin holes.

Metamerism
The tendency of color to appear different under different light sources
such as fluorescent or natural sunlight.

MF
Machine finished. Smooth paper calendered on the paper machine.

MG
Machine glazed. Paper with a glossy finish on one side produced on the
paper machine by a Yankee cylinder.

MG Machine
A paper machine incorporating a Yankee or a MG drying cylinder in the
drying section to produce MG paper.

Micro Crystalline Cellulose Pulp

Like Ethers Pulps, these pulps are used in thickening and pharmaceutical
applications, particularly in construction of tablets and other
non-capsular pills.

Mill
The physical site where paper is manufactured; also refers to a company
that manufactures paper.

Mill Broke
Paper generated at the paper mill prior to completion of the manufacturing
process. Wet mill broke originates at the wet end of the papermaking
machine, while dry mill broke comes from the dry end of the papermaking
machine.

Millboard
A thick, dense, homogeneous board, for book production, made generally
from wastepaper, on a special board making machine one sheet at a time.
Used in binding case bound books, ledgers etc. as binders’ boards.

Mineral Filler
Materials such as chalk and china clay that are added to paper in order to
change its density or improve its surface and optical properties.

Mixed Office Waste
Wastepaper generated from offices, such as letters, memos, invoices, etc.
which are collected and sorted for paper qualities. This is the major
source of post consumer fiber.

Moisture Content
The amount of moisture or water in a sheet of paper, expressed in percent.
6 to 7% is desirable.

Moisture Resistant
Paper Treated with asphalt, wax, plastic, etc. to control penetration of
moisture.

Molding Pulp
Pulp, which is used for producing pulp-based or fibrous products by
pressing; example products: egg packages, trays and boxes for fruits and
vegetables.

Mottle

A random non-uniformity in the visual density, color or gloss of a printed
area; also known as orange peel, back-trap mottle, wet-trap mottle,
pigment flocculation, striations, etc.

Mulberry Paper
A This term is given to a wide range of actual handmade and "handmade"
papers. "Handmade" meaning that is has the rough look of actual handmade
paper but it is in fact mass produced by machine. Many mulberry papers are
made from Kozo and other similar fibers. Some in fact do contain mulberry
bark and/or fibers.

It is easy to recognize Mulberry papers as they generally have distinct
fibers running through the papers. There are some mulberry papers that
have finer fibers that are not as noticeable but a large majority have the
easy to recognize large fibers. It is very pretty stuff and can be used in
all sorts of crafts applications.

Mullen
Measurement of the force required, in pounds per square inch, to rupture a
sheet of kraft paper. Also known as bursting strength.

Multiply Board Machine
A machine in which a number of plies of paper can be combined together in
the wet state to produce thick paperboard..

Multiply Paper Making Process
A paper/board making process in which different layers of fibers are
deposited one over the other to form the sheet. The multiply process is
used to make the optimum use of various type of fibers available. It is
also used to make heavy basis weight papers.

Multi-stage Cooking
Chemical pulping process in which the alkalinity of the cooking liquor is
varied by charging the alkali in several stages.

N

Native Lignin
The lignin as it exists in the lignocellulosic complex before separation.

Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF)
Organic matter that is not solubilized after one hour of refluxing in a
neutral detergent consisting of sodium lauryl sulfate and EDTA at pH 7.
NDF includes hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin.

Newsprint
A paper manufactured mostly from mechanical pulps specifically for the
printing of newspaper. Pulp and Paper Product Council provides the
following definition for newsprint. “A general term used to describe paper
between 40 g/m2 and 57 g/m2 generally used in the publication of
newspapers. The furnish is largely mechanical wood pulp with some chemical
wood pulp.”

Newsprint - Europe
Newsprint is that quality of paper used chiefly for the publication of
newspapers and which has a basis weight of 40 - 57 grams. Other properties
correspond to the EU harmonized definition, with a brightness up to and
including 71 ISO.

Grammage
Colour
Brightness

Ash content
Smoothness
Bulky Factor
Furnish

40 - 57 grams per square metre;

white or slightly coloured;
59 - 71ISO;
not exceeding 10 percent by weight;
not exceeding 200 seconds BEKK;
below 1.7;
not less than 65 percent mechanical pulp by weight.

Newsprint – North America
The definition of newsprint used by the PPPC for statistical purposes is
as follows:

Grammage

Colour
Caliper
Brightness
Ash Content
Sizing
Smoothness

40 - 57 grams per square metre;
white or slightly coloured;
under 100.0 microns (0.00394 inches);
less than or equal to 65 ISO;
not exceeding 8.0% by weight;
unsized or lightly sized;

greater than or equal to 2.61 PPS :m (S10)

Newsprint – Rest of the world
Uncoated paper of a kind used for the printing of newspapers, of which not
less than 65% by weight of the total fibre content consists of wood fibres
obtained by a mechanical or chemi-mechanical process, unsized or very
lightly sized, having a surface roughness Parker Print Surf (1 MPa) on
each side exceeding 2.5 micrometres (microns), weighing not less than
40g/m2 and not more than 65g/m2.

Nip
Point where two rolls on the paper machine come in contact.

Nitration Pulps
High purity pulps that are reacted with nitric acid to form a class of
chemical derivatives called cellulose nitrates. Cellulose nitrates are
used in applications ranging from solvents to smokeless (gunpowder)
propellants.

Non Wood Fibers
Papermaking fibers derived from plants other than trees such as cotton,
hemp, bagasse, jute, bamboo or straws.

Nonwoven
Fabric-like material made from long fibers, bonded together by chemical,
mechanical, heat or solvent treatment.

O

Oatmeal Paper
A paper such as wallpaper to which fine sawdust is added to its stock.

Odd Lot
Off standard paper. Also the term used for side rolls or sheet left after
cutting standard size/order.

Off-machine Coating
Coating of paper on a separate coating machine.

Off-machine Creping
A method whereby paper is creped in a separate operation rather than by
the paper machine’s Yankee cylinder.

Offset Paper
Also known as book paper. General description of any paper primarily
suited for offset printing. Can be coated or uncoated. Characterized by
strength, dimensional stability, lack of curl and freedom from foreign
surface material. Finish can be vellum or smooth.

Offset Paper

Also known as book paper. General description of any paper primarily
suited for offset printing. Can be coated or uncoated. Characterized by
strength, dimensional stability, lack of curl and freedom from foreign
surface material. Finish can be vellum or smooth.

Offset Printing
Also know as web offset or lithography. Offers highest degree of
precision, clarity, and quality.

Old Corrugated Container (OCC)
Brown boxes that have been used for their intended purpose, then collected
for recycling.

OMG
Abbreviation for a recovered paper grade including old magazines, catalogs
and similar materials.

On Machine Coating
Application of coating to the paper off the paper machine, or as a
separate operation to the papermaking.

One Time Carbon Base Paper
Unlike regular carbon paper which is used multiple time, one time carbon
as name suggest is used only once e.g. government form. The specification
on this paper is not as stringent as regular carbon paper.

Onionskin Paper
A lightweight, bond-type, thin and semitransparent paper used for
duplicate copies of typed matter to save filing space.

Opacity

That properties of paper which minimizes the "show-through" of printing
from the backside or the next sheet. The higher the opacity the less
likely that the printing on one side will be visible from the other side.

Open End Envelope
An envelope that opens on the short dimension.

Optical Brightener

Fluorescent dyes added to paper to enhance the visual brightness; the dye
absorbs ultraviolet light and re-emits it in the visual spectrum.

Optical Brightness
Optical brighteners or fluorescent dyes are extensively used to make high,
bright blue - white papers. They absorb invisible ultraviolet light and
convert to visible light, falling into the blue to violet portion of the
spectrum, which is then reflected back to our eyes.

Optical Whitener
A dye that is added to the fiber stock or applied to the paper surface at
the size press to enhance its brightness.

Orange Peel
A type of sheet surface that looks like orange.

Organosolv Pulping
Pulping method using organic solvent, e.g. organic acid or alcohol, as
delignification/cooking chemical.

Out of Square
Paper which is trimmed improperly so the corners are not true 90 degrees.
This will result in difficulty when the presser does not have a good guide
edge to work from for accurate register.

Out Turn Sheet
A sheet of paper, taken during manufacture, serving as a reference for the
mill or client.

Oven Dry Moisture Content

The percentage loss in weight of a paper specimen when dried to constant
weight in an oven maintained at the temperature of 105 +/- 2 C.

Oxygen Bleaching
A process in which pulp is initially treated with oxygen followed by 4-5
bleaching stages.

Oxygen Delignification
A process in which oxygen gas and sodium hydroxide are used to remove
lignin from brown stock.

Ozone (O3)
A highly reactive gas with molecules made up of three oxygen atoms.

Ozone Bleaching
A process that uses ozone to whiten cellulose fibers following the Kraft
pulping and oxygen delignification processing.

P

Packaging Paper
A paper or paperboard used for wrapping or packing good.

Packaging Paper
A paper or paperboard used for wrapping or packing good.

Pallet
A platform with a slatted bottom, used to hold and ship cartons of paper
stacked on top of each other. A standard amount of paper that fits on a
wooden pallet. In cut-size sheets, a pallet equals 40 cartons.

Paper
A homogeneous sheet formed by irregularly intervening cellulose fibers.

Paper Cut
The excruciating, often unforeseeable, and usually
invisible-to-the-naked-eye cut received when skin slides along the edge of
a piece of paper at just the wrong angle.

Paper Surface Efficiency (printing)

Measure of the printability of a sheet of paper which is dependent upon
the amount of ink the paper absorbs, the smoothness of its surface, and
the evenness of its caliper.

Paperboard
A heavy weight, thick, rigid and single or multi-layer sheet. What
differentiates paperboard from paper is the weight of the sheet. If
paperboard is very heavy it is called Board. Paper heavier than 150 gram
per meter square are normally called Paperboard and paperboard heavier
than 500 gram per meter square are called board.

Paper-ink Affinity
The tendency for paper and ink to attract and stay attracted to each
other. This keeps the ink on the paper and off the reader’s hands or the
next sheet. An incompatibility between ink and paper can cause printing
problems.

Papermaking
Invented in China by T’sai Lun some 2,000 years ago, papermaking still
follows the same basic procedures. Today wood chips are cooked with
chemicals to release cellulose fibers and dissolve lignin, then washed to
remove impurities. Most printing papers are then bleached to lighten the
color of the pulp. Pulp is mechanically and chemically treated to impart
certain desired characteristics such as strength, smoothness and sizing.
Large quantity of water is added to uniformly distribution of fibers and
additives. The resulting slurry, which is 99 to 99.5% water, is cascaded
onto the continuously moving forming fabric of the Fourdrinier paper
machine. Side-to-side shaking distributes the slurry, forming a tangled
web of fiber as the water drains off. A wire mesh roll called a dandy
roll, moves over the surface to modulate the turbulence and smooth the
topside of the paper. A felt blanket absorbs more water from the paper and
sends the sheet on through a channel of hot metal drums that dry and press
the paper at the same time to give it a more even-sided finish. At this
point the paper is fully dry and ready for off-machine processes such as
coating, embossed finishes and supercalendering.

Papeterie
A paper used for greeting cards, stationery, etc…which is distinctive from
regular stock in that special watermarks and embossing may be used.

Papyrus
The Egyptians used this aquatic plant to create a writing sheet by peeling
apart the plant’s tissue-thin layers and stacking them in overlapping,
crosshatched pieces to form a sheet. Despite giving us the word "paper,"
papyrus is not a true paper.

Parchment
A sheet of writing material made from the skins of goats or other animals.
Vegetable or imitation parchment is made to resemble animal parchment by
passing a sheet of unsized, pure fiber paper through a bath of sulfuric
acid and then washing it very thoroughly and drying. The acid gelatinizes
the surface fibers and the dried surface is grease-proof, has a high wet
strength and is very resistant to disintegration by water and many
solutions.

Parchmentization
Method of treating a paper sheet with sulfuric acid to make it
greaseproof.

Particulate
Airborne solid impurities such as those present in gaseous emissions
(sodium sulfate, lime, calcium carbonate, soot).

Peel Strength
The amount of normal force required to delaminate a multiply paper.
Strength measured by TAPPI useful method UM808 or other similar methods.

Perfecting Press
A printing press that simultaneously prints both sides of a sheet of paper
as it passes through the press. On other presses, printing both sides
means running the sheet through the press to print one side, allowing the
ink to dry, turning the paper over, and then running the sheet through the
press again to print the other side.

Permanence

The degree to which paper resists deterioration over time.

Permanent Paper
A paper that can resist large chemical and physical changes over and
extended time (several hundred years). This paper is generally acid-free
with alkaline reserve and a reasonably high initial strength.

Permanganate Number (K Number)
Chemical test performed on pulp to determine the degree of
delignification.

Permeability
Degree to which a fluid (gas or liquid) permeates or penetrate a porous
substance such as paper or fabric.

Pernicious Contraries
Any material present in waste paper that is difficult to see or detect and
which might be detrimental to the paper being manufactured from the
wastepaper or which might either damage paper making equipment or render
repulping difficult

Peroxide Bleaching or Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching
Method of bleaching pulp with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to remove lignin;
reduces or avoids the need for chlorine dioxide in final bleaching.

pH (Hydrogen Ion Concentration)
A measure of the acidity (or alkalinity) of a solution. Range from 0-14
with 7 being neutral, less than 7 being acid; higher than 7 being
alkaline.

Photodegradable

A material which undergoes destruction of its chemical structure when
exposed to light. Typically, the materials become brittle with time and
fragment into small pieces or powder.

Photographic Paper
The base paper used for the production of photographic papers is a
dimensionally stable, chemically neutral chemical pulp paper with wet
strength properties, that must be free from contaminants. Today papers are
coated on both sides with a thin polyethylene film. The cooking prevents
chemicals and water entering the paper during development. This also
permits shorter rinsing and drying cycles.

Pick Out
A problem on press caused by unevenly sealed paper, or paper with low
bonding strength. The ink "picks" off weak areas of the paper, lifting
coating from a coated stock or lifting fibers from an uncoated stock, and
transferring them to the printing blanket.

These fibers will eventually be transferred back onto the sheets
being printed, causing inking and surface inconsistencies.

Pick Resistance
The ability of paper fibers to hold together during the printing process.

Pick Up Roll
Roll, which lifts the wet paper or paperboard off the wire to transfer to
press.

Picking (Papermaking)
To transfer the wet sheet from wire part to press part. If the sheet moves
unsupported is called "poor man pick up". If a solid/suction roll is used
to lick/pick the sheet, it is referred as closed transfer.

Picking (Printing)
The problem of ink picking off paper fibers during printing. This may be
an indication of a paper with low bonding strength or the use of an ink
with too much tack for the paper it is printed on.

Pigment
An ingredient added to pulp to increase the brightness and opacity of
white paper or dye the pulp to create a colored sheet. Pigments have very
high lightfastness and bleedfastness.

Pigmentizing
Coating of paper with a chemical agent (pigment) to reduce surface
porosity and increase opacity.

Pin Holes
Imperfections in paper which appear as minute holes upon looking through
the sheet. They originate from foreign particles, which are pressed
through the sheet.

Piping
Defect in reels, consisting of ridges running around the circumference,
due to moisture take-up by the surface layers or uneven binding or hard
and soft spots.

Pitch

Resinous material present in wood (mainly softwood) that carry over into
the pulping and papermaking system to form insoluble deposits.

Playing Card Stock
A stiff board, usually made by pasting sheets of fourdrinier paper, and
given a coating which will take a high polish.

Ply
The separate webs, which make up the sheet formed on a multi-cylinder
machine. Each cylinder adds one web or ply, which is pressed to the other,
the plies adhering firmly upon drying.

Point
A unit of paper or paperboard thickness measuring one-thousandth of an
inch.

Poly Extrusion Paper
Paper used for plastic extrusion. Hot melted plastic is applied at the
paper surface, so the base paper should be able to withstand heat.

Polymer
A chemical term for several classes of organic or carbon containing
chemicals where a monomer or single chemical molecule is connected to
itself in repeating units to form a chemical "chain." An example of a
polymer is cellulose, a repeating chain of glucose (sugar). Other examples
are polyesters, nylons, viscose, lyocell, polyolefins and polystyrenes.

Porosity
The property of paper that allows the permeation of air, an important
factor in ink penetration.

Postcard Board
Postcard board is either slightly mechanical or woodfree and calendered.

Post-Consumer Waste Paper
Waste paper materials recovered after being used by consumers.

Poster Paper
Poster paper is a highly mechanical, highly filled, mostly coloured paper
that has been made weather resistant by sizing.

Poster Paper
Poster paper is a highly mechanical, highly filled, mostly coloured paper
that has been made weather resistant by sizing.

Precision Sheeting

Converting rolls of paper into finished sheet sizes in a single operation.

Pre-Consumer Waste Paper
Waste material from manufacturing operations – dry mill and printer
factory waste, newsstand returns- that has not reached its end-user. This
is highly desirable waste because it normally contains fewer contaminants
and is easier to process.

Press

A combination of two or more rolls used to press out water from wet paper
web. Following are some of the types of the press.

1. Plain Press or Solid Press

This is the simplest and the oldest type of press which is now a
days rarely used except on very slow speed machine. The solid press
consists of two solid rolls covered with rubber and or granite. The top
roll is somewhat offset for the squeezed out water to flow by gravity.

2. Suction Press

In this type of press, one roll is drilled and shell of the drilled
roll rotates over a suction box. The squeezed water is sucked out through
the felt.

3. Grooved Press

In this type of press, one roll is grooved. The squeezed water is
hold in the groves and removed by doctoring or sucking out on the return
run of the roll.

4. Smoothing Press

A plain roll press just before the dryer section start, used to
smoothen the paper surface.

Press Part or Press Section

The section of the paper machine which contains press (es). It is usually
located between wire part and dryer part.

Pressure Sensitive Coated Paper
Paper coated with a self-adhesive material which in dry form (solvent
free) is permanently tacky at room temperature. A bond with the receiving
surface may be formed by the application of pressure (e.g. by the finger
or hand). A permanent adhesive is characterized by relatively high
ultimate adhesion and a removable adhesive by low ultimate adhesion. Until
the time of application, the adhesive surface should be covered by a
suitable release coated paper.

Pressurized Groundwood Pulp (PGW)
Mechanical pulp produced by treating logs with steam before defibration
against a grindstone under externally applied pressure.

Printability
The overall performance of the paper on press.

Printing
The transfer of ink onto paper or other materials to reproduce words and
images.

Publishing Paper
On-machine coated printing paper. Suitable for color printing or toning
with low grid number or single color printing. Our products in this
category includes: Wood-free printing and writing paper, Ivory wood-free
printing and writing paper.

Pulp
A suspension of cellulose fibers in water.

Pulp Board

Also known as Printers’ Board, this grade is made from a single web of
pulp on a paper making machine, and is produced in various substances.
Used for index cards and other general products, these boards may be white
or colored.

Pulper
Unit for defibrating (slushing) pulps and paper machine broke, usually at
the wet end of the paper machine.

Puncture Resistance

The puncture resistance of combined board indicates the ability of the
finished container to withstand external and internal point pressure
forces and to protect the product during rough handling.

Q

R

Rag
The term “rag” is often used interchangeably with “cotton fiber content”
and harkens to a period of time when paper was actually made using cotton
rags which were cleaned and then broken down into fibers which were then
used to manufacture paper. In a sense it could be stated that the fine
paper business has been engaged in recycling materials for production
since its very beginning. Today paper is no longer made from rags and the
term “rag” is falling in disfavor by the industry in lieu of the phrase
“cotton fiber content”.

Rag Paper
Today rag paper is mostly made from vegetable fibers consisting of
cellulose, such as cotton, linen, hemp and ramie. Rags are the most
precious raw material for the papermaker. Rag papers and rag-containing
papers with admixtures of chemical pulp are used for banknotes, deeds,
documents, books of account, maps and copperplate engravings and as
elegant writing papers. They are also used for special technical
applications.

Rag Pulp
Papermaking pulp made from textile waste, cotton, hemp or flax.

Ragger Rope
A rope used to remove contraries from the pulper.

Rattle
That combination of properties such as stiffness, density etc. which is
responsible for noise when the sheet is shaken or flexed.

Ream

500 Sheets of paper.

Recovered Paper
Paper recovered for recycling into new paper products. Recovered paper can
be collected from industrial sources (scraps, transport packaging, unsold
newspapers…) or from household collections (old newspapers and
magazines, household packaging).

Recovered Paper Grades
Recovered paper sorted by types in order to be recycled by paper mills.
Specific grades are used by paper mills, in order to produce different
types of paper and boards.

Recovery Boiler
Boiler used to burn black liquor from chemical pulping for recovery of
inorganic chemicals as well as for energy production.

Recovery Rate (Chemical)
Amount of chemical recovered in chemical recovery process as a percentage
of chemical used in pulping. Chemical loss is compensated my make up
chemicals.

Recovery Rate (Paper)
Amount of paper recovered as a percentage of amount of paper consumed.

Rectifier Roll or Holey Roll
Hollow perforated roll in headbox used for even out the flow of fibers and
prevent settling of fibers in headbox by providing gentle agitation.

Recycled Fiber

Fiber obtained from recovered paper; also secondary fiber (cf. virgin
fiber).

Recycled Fiber Pulp
Pulp produced from recovered paper to be used in papermaking.

Recycling
Use of recovered waste paper and board by paper mills to produce paper and
boards.

Reed
General name of various perennial plants; e.g. common reed, reed canary
grass, giant reed; potential feedstock for pulping and papermaking.

Reel
A continuous sheet of paper wound on a core.

Refiner
An equipment used to give mechanical treatment to the fibers.

Refiner Mechanical Pulp (RMP)
Mechanical pulp produced by passing wood chips between the plates of a
refiner.

Refiner Sawdust Pulp

Mechanical pulp produced from sawmill dust.

Refining
Mechanical treatment of fibers to enhance bonding.

Reflectivity
Ability of paper or board to reflect light; a measure of gloss.

Refractiveness
A measure of how much a sheet of paper deflects the light that hits it.
The more light a sheet deflects, the greater its refractiveness, allowing
a printed image to be more brilliant and detailed.

Registration
Putting two or more images together so that they are exactly aligned and
the resulting image is sharp.

Reinforcement
Method for strengthening paper with an insert or surface layer of glass or
other synthetic fiber or metal.

Reinforcement Pulp
Softwood chemical pulp added to give paper greater strength and to improve
runnability on the paper machine or printing press.

Reject

Material removed and discarded during the cleaning and screening of
pulp/stock.

Release Paper
Release paper is used to prevent the sticking of glue, paste or other
adhesive substances. Coating paper with silicone yields papers with a
surface that prevents adhesion of most substances. Application: cover
material for self-adhesive papers or films, e.g. in label production.

Relief
A method for printing ink on paper, using type or images that rise above
the surface of the printing plate. Ink sits on top of these raised
surfaces, and as the paper is pressed onto them it picks up ink.
Letterpress, flexography, and rubber stamps all use relief plates. In
letterpress, intense pressure can cause images to be slightly debossed or
depressed below the surface of the paper.

Residual Fibers
Fibers derived from sawmills scraps, plywood plants and other timber
management activities.

Resilience
A paper’s ability to return to its original form after being stretched,
bent or compressed during the printing and bindery process.

Retention
The amount of filler or other material which remain in the finished paper
expressed as a percentage that added to the furnish before sheet
formation. Retention can occur by various mechanisms. The simplest of
these is mechanical sieving by the forming fabric. Once a fiber mat begins
to form, the mat itself usually can act as a much more effective and finer
sieve than the forming fabric. But even then, particles less than about 10
micrometers in size are not effectively retained by sieving. Rather,
retention of fine particles requires the action of colloidal forces,
including polymeric bridging or a charged patch mechanism. Retention aid
chemicals can be effective either by attaching fine particles to fiber
fines or fibers or by agglomerating them so that they can be sieved more
effectively.

Retention Aid
Chemical additives, especially high molecular weight copolymers of
acrylamide, designed to increase the retention efficiency of fine
materials during paper formation.

Rewinder

Equipment which slits and rewinds paper webs into smaller rolls.

Rice Paper
A common misnomer applied to lightweight Oriental papers. Rice alone
cannot produce a sheet of paper. Rice or wheat straw is used occasionally
mixed with other fibers in paper making. The name may be derived from the
rice size (starch) once used in Japanese papermaking

Ridges
Roll defect where there are raised bands or rings of material around the
circumference of the roll.

Ring Crush Test (RCT)
A test method for measuring the edgewise crush resistance by forming the
paper into a cylinder and applying a crushing force to the edge. (TAPPI
T818)

Rising Film Evaporator
A type of tubular heat exchanger used for concentrating a solution
consisting of a non-volatile solute and a volatile solvent; solution flows
upward on the heat exchange surface; vaporization ‘ of the volatile
solvent reduces the density of the mixture and causes the vapour-liquid
mixture to rise; commonly used in pulp mills but less common in new
installations.

Rod Coater
In rod coater, the rod is the metering device, which controls how much wet
coating is allowed to leave the coating station. Typically thirty times
more will be applied compared to the actual target coat weight.

Roe Number
Measure of the amount of chlorine required for bleaching pulp.

Roll Coating

A process in which the coating is applied by roll and subsequently
smoothed by means of reverse rolls contacting the freshly coated surface.

Roofing Paper
Board that is impregnated with tar, bitumen and/or natural asphalt.

Rosin
Rosin, a natural resin from pine trees in combination with alum, is used
for internal sizing of paper in acidic paper making. The chemical formula
of rosin is C19H29COOH.

Rosin Size
Partially or completely saponified (neutralized) rosin. The chemical
formula of rosin is C19H29CONa.

Rotogravure
The opposite of letterpress printing in that the design areas are recessed
into the plate instead of being a relief. It is web-fed and prints thin,
quick drying ink to produce multiple colors. Used in corrugated packaging.

Rough
Heavily textured surfaces produced by minimal pressing after sheet
formation.

Rough Finish
Paper having an exceptionally rough or coarse textured surface.

Runnability

The ease with which a paper moves through a printing press or converting
machine. This is primarily determined by the paper’s strength, tear
resistance, dimensional stability, bonding strength and water resistance

S

Sack

The term is used interchangeably with the word "bag" applied to a
non-rigid container made from paper or other flexible material.

Safety Paper
Papers with a special protection against abusive imitation. The safeguards
used during the production of the paper - some of them chemicals are
secret.

Salt Cake

Or sodium sulfate added to the black liquor to compensate for the soda
loss.

Sanitary Papers
The group of sanitary papers includes cellulose wadding, tissue and crepe
paper, made from waste paper and/or chemical pulp - also with admixtures
of mechanical pulp. As a consequence of the importance of tissue today,
this name is now used internationally as a collective term for sanitary
papers. These grades are used to make toilet paper and numerous other
sanitary products such as handkerchiefs, kitchen wipes, towels and
cosmetic tissues.

Sanitary Tissue Paper
Tissue is a sanitary paper made from chemical or waste paper pulp,
sometimes with the admixture of mechanical pulp. It has a closed structure
and is only slightly creped. It is so thin that it is hardly used in a
single layer. Depending on the requirements the number of layers is
multiplied. Creping is made at a dryness content of more than 90 %. The
dry creping (unlike with sanitary crepe papers) and the low grammage of a
single tissue layer result in a high softness of the tissue products. For
consumer products it is normally combined in two or more layers. The
flexible and highly absorbent product [is mainly produced from chemical
pulp and/or DIP - sometimes also with admixture of groundwood pulp] can
also be provided with wet strength. Applications: facial tissues, paper
handkerchiefs, napkins, kitchen rolls, paper towels, toilet paper.

Sap Wood
The fluid part of the tree that moves up from the roots through the outer
portion of the trunk and branches and contributes to its growth.

Satin Finish
A smooth, satin-like, semi-glossy finish of paper or Bristol.

Save-All
Equipment used to reclaim fibers from white water.

Saw Dust
Fine wood particles created when sawing wood; used as biofuel, pulping raw
material, panel board production, animal litter etc.

Scaling

To impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make
folding easier.

Score
To impress or indent a mark with a string or rule in the paper to make
folding easier.

Scott Bond
An internal bond test that measures the force needed to separate fibers
within a single ply by TAPPI method.

Screen
Device used to remove large solids particles such as fiber bundles and
flakes from stock. In good old days screen used to be open type and could
deal with thin stock only. Modern screen are closed (pressurized) and can
handle low, medium and even high consistency stock. Perforation in screen
basket can be circular, counter shrink or slotted. The screen used just
before headbox not only remove large particles but also align fibers in
the direction of stock flow.

Scuff Resistance
Linerboard’s ability to resist abrasion in the shipping environment may
affect external appearance.

Seam
The means of joining the two ends of the fabric together.

Secondary Fibers
Fibers recovered from waste paper and utilized in making paper or
paperboard.

Security paper

Paper which includes identification features such as metallic strips and
watermarks to assist in detecting fraud and to prevent counterfeiting.

Self Adhesive paper
Used essentially for labeling purposes, this grade has a self-adhesive
coating on one side and a surface suitable for printing on the other. The
adhesive is protected by a laminate which enables the sheet to be fed
through printers or printing machines, the laminate subsequently being
stripped when the label is applied

Self Contained paper
A self imaging carbonless paper that does not need the use of any other
carbonless stock to make an image appear. When pressure is applied, it
causes the chemicals on the front of the sheet to create an image. This
paper is used in ribbonless impact printers.

Semi-Alkaline Pulp (SAP)
Sulfite pulp cooked at slightly alkaline pH (normal sulfite pulp is cooked
at acid pH). SAP is superior in strength to normal sulfite pulp. Used
mainly in printing papers.

Semi-Bleached Pulp
Pulp bleached to a brightness somewhere between that of unbleached and
fully bleached pulp.

Semi-chemical Pulp
Pulp produced by chemical treatment followed by mechanical treatment.

Sett
A number of units or bales picked up at the same time by crane or truck.

Shade

The color depth and hue in comparison to papers that are the same color;
also used to describe the color achieved by adding dye to pulp slurry.
There is a wide shade variety in white papers, as well as in colored
papers.

Shadow Mark
A defect in paper appearance which looks like the drilling pattern in a
suction roll. It is due to opacity effects caused by areas of vacuum and
pressure as the wet web passes over a suction roll.

Shake
The device to shake the wire at the breast roll end from side to side.

Sheeter or Cutter
Machine for cutting the paper web into sheets.

Sheffield Porosity
A test used to measure the smoothness of paper by measuring the rate of
air flow over the surface of the sheet. The lower the number, the smoother
the sheet.

Shives
Small bundles of fibers that have not been separated completely during
pulping.

Show Through
The degree to which a printed film is visible through paper due to the low
opacity of the paper. The undesirable condition in which the printing on
the reverse side of a sheet can be seen through the sheet under normal
lighting conditions. The more opaque a sheet, the less the show-through.

Showers

Water jets or sprays used throughout the pulp and paper mills to wash wire
mesh screen, forming wires, press felts, pulp mat, to dilute pulp etc.

High Pressure Showers A shower consisting of numerous needle jet
nozzles along its length at a pressure of up to 300 psi.

Lubrication Showers A shower consisting of fan nozzles along its
length to provide full coverage of the felts surface with water. This
lubricates the felt as it passes over the suction boxes.

Oscillation Showers The movement from side to side of the shower bar
to ensure full coverage of the felts surface by the water jets.

Side Run

(1) A narrow reel removed from a web during processing, the width of which
is less than the size ordered, but is large enough to permit its use for
purposes other than re-pulping.

(2) An additional part of an order placed in order to better utilize
the maximum trimmed machine width of the making machine.

Silicon Treated Paper
A strong paper with a glazed finish that is treated with silicones on one
side. This produces a release quality that is necessary for the liners
used for pressure sensitive paper.

Single Faced Corrugated Board

Corrugated fiberboard consisting of two layers, one of fluted paper and
one of facing.

Size Press
Section of paper machine where surface treatments are applied to the sheet
of paper to give it special qualities. Normally comprised of a pair of
rolls towards the end of the dryer train between which the dry or
partially dry web is passed, and into the nip of which a liquid, usually
starch, is applied to impart strength to the sheet. Sometimes a chemical
may be added to produce a water-resistant sheet

Sized Paper
Sizing reduces the water absorbency of the paper and thus creates the
condition for the writability with ink. Sized paper is also used for many
other purposes (printing, coating, gluing, etc.), and the sizing agents
must fulfil a wide range of tasks. For instance, they control the water
absorbency and increase the ability to retain water and ink (pick
resistance).

Sizing
The treatment of paper which gives it resistance to the penetration of
liquids (particularly water) or vapors. Sizing improves ink holdout.

Slice
Outlet from the head box through which the pulp suspension is fed into the
forming section.

Slide Resistance
The ability of containers to resist sliding in unit loads can be predicted
for the coefficient of friction of the combined board. A low coefficient
demonstrates containers slipping from the load.

Slime Holes
A hole in paper, characterized by brownish translucent material around the
edges. Caused by a lump of slime which has formed in stock system from the
growth microorganisms, then becoming detached and flowing onto the paper
machine wire with the fiber to form a non-fibrous area.

Slimes

Fungus or other bacteriological growth. If not controlled in papermaking
system, may cause process and quality problems.

Slitter
Rotary knife used to slit or trim a paper web into specified width.

Slitting
Dividing a web of paper in the lengthwise direction into two or more
narrower webs.

Slowness
Measure of pulp drainage. Has an inverse relationship to freeness.

Sludge
The waste material left over after pulping and deinking. Although some
sludge is produced in the virgin papermaking process, far more is produced
in the deinking (recycling) process. Recycling breaks recovered paper down
into fibers, which are sent to the paper machine for new production, and
other materials, which drop into the sludge. These "other materials"
include clay coatings, fillers from the previous paper, paper clips and
staples, fibers too short to be made into paper, ink if it wasn’t skimmed
off in the deinking process, and any "junk" that crept into the wastepaper
bales.

Smelt
Inorganic chemicals obtained in molten form from the recovery furnace.

Smooth Finish
A highly calendered or machine-finished sheet.

Smoothness
The surface uniformity of paper. Sheets that are flat and even provide
better ink dot formation and sharper images.

Soda Pulping
An alkaline pulping process that uses a simple, sulfur- free sodium
hydroxide as cooking liquor.

Soft Cook

Over-cooked pulp.

Soft Nip Calendar
A machine device consisting of two or more pairs of steel and composition
rolls; it is designed to achieve much of the quality of a Supercalender,
with much of the production advantage of being on machine, but without the
severe operating difficulties of an on-machine Supercalender.

Softwood
Woods obtained from coniferous trees. Generally grown in cold climates.
Softwood grows slower than hardwood but have longer fibers compared to
hardwood.

Solid Fiberboard
Collective term for all solid board grades.

Soy Inks
Inks containing soybean oil.

Specialty Paper
The group of specialty papers comprises numerous paper grades, each
characterized by particular properties. These properties often require
special raw materials.

Specialty Pulp
Chemical pulps used for purposes other than ordinary papermaking (e.g. in
textile production)

Specific Energy (Refining)

Energy applied per unit weight on oven dry basis (KWH/MT) during refining.

Specific Surface (Fiber)
Fiber surface area per unit weight (OD basis)

Specific Surface Load (Refining)
Specific edge load divided by refiner bar width factor (Watt-Sec/m2)

Speck
A small defect of foreign substance with contrasting appearance to the
surrounding paper.

Spent Liquor
Liquor recovered from cooked pulp.

Spinning Paper
Paper with a particularly high tensile strength in the machine direction;
suitable for being spun into yarn or string.

Splice
Formed by overlapping webs and joining with a strip of double-faced
adhesive tape. Used for lighter-weight grades of paper.

Spread Coating

A method of coating a web of paper by means of a vertical plate
restraining a pond of viscous coating material, for example resins,
plastics or adhesives, which is drawn through an adjustable gap between
the plate and the paper by the forward movement of the web over a
horizontal support

Stamp Paper
Paper used for printing postal stamp. Paper should have good printability,
high strength, good glueability, permanence and high dimensional
stability.

Stampers
The wooden hammers used in a watermill to pulp rags in order to separate
the fibers.

Standard Test Conditions
Atmospheric conditions of temperature and humidity in which laboratories
agree to conduct tests, eliminating those variables in comparing results.

Starch
A natural product from corn, potatoes, tapioca, etc., and used for dry
strength. Cationic starch is added at the paper machine wet end.

Starch is a free flowing white powder. Typically, starch used in the
paper industry is extracted from maize kernels, wheat or potatoes; in rare
cases, tapioca or rice can be the source. Starches from the different
plants each have a characteristic granule size and shape.

Potato starch is often referred to as farina, and maize starch is
sometimes called corn. Native starch is sometimes called pearl starch.

Steam Finishing or Steam Calendering
A way of treating paper before calendering to improve its density and
surface smoothness

Steaming
Wood chips are often treated with steam prior to pulping; used in
thermo-mechanical pulping. Also injection of steam in direct or indirect
cooking digester for chip packing and or cooking.

Stencil
A sheet of plastic, paper, or other material with letters or an image cut
out of it. When placed on a surface and inked, it reproduces the cut-away
images onto the material behind it.

Stickies
Sticky materials in recycled papermaking pulp, often resulting from
pressure-sensitive labels.

Stiffness
The ability of paper or paperboard to resist an applied bending force and
to support its own weight while being handled. A sheet that is too limp
can cause feeding and transport problems in copiers and printers. An
adequate degree of stiffness is important to avoid distortion of the paper
due to the pull of ink during offset printing. Stiffness is critical to
many converting operations for forms and envelope grades.

Stock
A term used to define pulp after mechanical (refining or beating) and /or
chemical treatment (sizing, loading, dying etc.) in the paper making
process. A pulp ready to make paper.

Stock Preparation

Collective term for all treatment necessary for the preparation of the
stock before it reaches the paper machine.

Straw Pulp
Pulp that is made from the straw of grains such as rice straw. It is
cooked by soda process.

Strawboard
Board made from partially cooked straw, bagasse or grass or a mixture of
these.

Stretch
The maximum tensile strain developed in paper before rupture. The stretch
or percentage elongation is expressed as a percentage.

Strike-through
The penetration of ink through paper.

Substrate
The base material on which a substance (such as ink, adhesive, coating) is
applied.

Suction Box (Vacuum Box)
Device that removes water from the paper machine by a suction action
located beneath the wire at the wet end.

Suede Paper

Paper that has a velour finish.

Sulfate Pulping
Alkaline process of cooking pulp.

Sulfite Pulping
Acid process of cooking pulp

Super Art Paper
Highest grade of art paper with double or triple coating. Coat weight of
25g/m2 per side, with gloss level over 80%, surface feels smooth and
shiny, superb printing quality, suitable for high-quality picture books,
product catalogues, and refined printing products..

Supercalender
A stack of alternating steel and fiber-covered rolls at the end of the
paper machine which is used to increase a sheet’s gloss and smoothness.

Supercalendering
Treatment of paper on an off-machine supercalender to improve smoothness
and gloss.

Surface Roughness
For coated boards, Parker Print Surf (PPS) roughness tester is used where
the test result is expressed as an average of the surface profiles in
micrometers ( m ) low results show smooth surface while high results
indicate poor surface.
For coated board, Bendtsen method readings given as total leakage of air
in ml/min. Smoother surface has lower readings

Surface Smoothness
The smoothness of the linerboard surface may affect printing quality
because slight depressions may not receive complete ink coverage. Surface
smoothness may also affect the coefficient of friction, gloss and coating
absorption.

Surface Strength Test
The method consists of printing a strip of paper in a print tester at an
accelerating rate. The method is preferable to Wax Pick.

Surface-Sized
Paper that has been treated with starch or other sizing material at the
size press of the paper machine. This term is used interchangeably with
the term "tub-sized", although tub-size more properly refers to surface
sizing applied as a separate operation where the paper is immersed in a
tub of sizing (starch or glue), after which it passes between squeeze
rolls and is air dried.

Sustainable Forest Management
Managing a forest in a way that enhances its ecosystem while providing
environmental, economic, social and cultural opportunities for present and
future generations.

Swelling
An increase in volume of fiber due to the absorption of liquid.

Synthetic Fiber Paper
Papers made from synthetic fibers such as polyamide and polyester, from
viscose staple fiber or sometimes also with fillers. The fibers are mainly
held together by binders. The durable synthetic fiber papers are used for
maps and highly important documents such as driving licenses or vehicle
registration books.

T

T4S
Abbreviation indicating that the paper has been guillotine trimmed on all
four sides. Literal translation: trimmed four sides.

Table Roll
The small diameter rolls used to support the wire.

Tack or Stickiness
Tack is a critical property of the ink used in lithography. Because the
ink sits on a flat surface, it needs internal cohesion; in other words, it
needs to stick to itself so that it doesn’t run all over the plate.
However, too much tack can cause it to pull the paper apart. When printing
two or more ink colors in line, the ink tack and sequence must be adjusted
in order for the inks to adhere to each other as well as to the paper.

Tag Paper

A heavy utility grade of paper used to print tags, such as the store tags
on clothing. Tag paper must be strong and durable, yet have good affinity
for printing inks.

Talc
Mineral used in papermaking as a filler and coating pigment.

Tea Bag Paper
Used to pack tea leaves. Paper should not have any impurities. It should
have high liquid permeability and should withstand boiling water.

Tear Index
Tear index = tearing resistance/basis weight.

Tear Resistance
The mean force required to continue the tearing of paper from an initial
cut under standardized conditions.

Tear Strength
A measure of how likely a paper will continue to tear once started. Tear
strength will differ with and against the grain.

Technical Paper
Variety of medium-grammage papers used in different industrial purposes.

Tensile Energy Absorption (TEA)

It is the work done when a paper specimen is stressed to rupture in
tension under prescribed conditions as measured by the integral of tensile
strength over the range of tensile strain from 0 to maximum.

Tensile Index
Tensile index = tensile strength (N/m) /basis weight (g/m2).

Tensile Strength
A measure of how likely a paper is to break when pulled at opposite ends.
This is very important when running through high-speed web presses.

Terms of Sale
The point at which sellers have fulfilled their obligations so the goods
in a legal sense could be said to have been delivered to the buyer. They
are shorthand expressions that set out the rights and obligations of each
party when it comes to transporting the goods. Following, are the thirteen
terms of sale in international trade as Terms of Sale reflected in the
recent amendment to the International chamber of Commerce Terms of Trade (INCOTERMS),
effective July 1990: exw, fca, fas, fob, cfr, cif, cpt, cip, daf, des, deq,
ddu and ddp.

Terms of Sale - CFR (Cost and Freight) (…Named Port of
Destination) A Term of Sale where the seller pays the costs and freight
necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination, Terms of
Sale but the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as (continued) well
as any additional costs due to events occurring after the time the goods
have been delivered on board the vessel, is transferred from the seller to
the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment. The
CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

Terms of Sale - CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight) (…Named Place of
Destination) A Term of Sale where the seller has the same obligations as
under the CFR but also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s
risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller
contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The CIF term
requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

Terms of Sale - CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid To) (…Named Place
of Destination) A Term of Sale which means the seller has the same
obligations as under CPT, but with the addition that the seller has to
procure cargo insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to
the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pays
the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIP term the
seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum coverage. The CIP
term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

Terms of Sale - CPT (Carriage Paid To) (…Named Place of
Destination) A Term of Sale which means the seller pays the freight for
the carriage of the goods to the named destination. The risk of loss of or
damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events
occurring after the time the goods have been delivered to the carrier, is
transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods have been
delivered into the custody of the carrier. If subsequent carriers are used
for the carriage to the agreed upon destination, the risk passes when the
goods have been delivered to the first carrier. The CPT term requires the
seller to clear the goods for export.

Terms of Sale - DAF (Delivered At Frontier) (…Named Place) A Term
of Sale which means the sellers fulfill their obligation to deliver when
the goods have been made available, cleared for export, at the named point
and placed at the frontier, but before the customs Terms of Sale border of
the adjoining country. (continued)

Terms of Sale - DDP (Delivered Duty paid) (…Named Port of
Destination) Delivered Duty Paid means that the seller fulfills his
obligation to deliver when the goods have been made available at the named
place in the country of importation. The seller has to bear the risks and
costs, including duties, taxes and other charges of delivering the goods
thereto, clear for importation. While the EXW term represents the minimum
obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum.

Terms of Sale - DDU (Delivered Duty Unpaid) (…Named Port of
Destination) A Term of Sale where the seller fulfills his obligation to
deliver when the goods have been made available at the named place in the
country of importation. The seller has to bear the costs and risks
involved in bringing the goods thereto (excluding duties, taxes and other
official charges payable upon importation) as well as the costs and risks
of carrying out customs formalities. The buyer has to pay any additional
costs and to bear any risks caused by failure to clear the goods for in
time.

Terms of Sale - DEQ (Delivered Ex Quay, [Duty Paid]) (…Named Port
of Destination) A Term of Sale which means the DDU term has been fulfilled
when the goods have been available to the buyer on the quay (wharf) at the
named port of destination, cleared for importation. The seller has to bear
all risks and costs including duties, taxes and other charges of
delivering the goods thereto.

Terms of Sale - DES (Delivered Ex Ship) (…Named Port of
Destination) A Term of Sale where the seller fulfills his/her obligation
to deliver when the goods have been made available to the buyer on board
the ship, not cleared for import at the named port of destination. The
seller has to bear all the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods
to the named port destination.

Terms of Sale - EXW (Ex Works) (…Named Place) A Term of Sale which
means that the seller fulfills the obligation to deliver when he or she
has made the goods available at his/her premises (i.e., works, factory,
warehouse, etc.) to the buyer. In particular, the seller is not
responsible for loading the goods in the vehicle provided by the buyer or
for clearing the goods for export, unless otherwise agreed. The buyer
bears all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the seller’s
premises to the desired destination. This term thus represents the minimum
obligation for the seller.

Terms of Sale - FAS (Free Alongside Ship) (…Named Port of
Shipment) A Term of Sale which means the seller fulfills his obligation to
deliver when the goods have been placed alongside the vessel on the quay
or in lighters at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer
has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from
that moment.

Terms of Sale - FCA (Free Carrier) (… Named Place) A Term of Sale
which means the seller fulfills their obligation when he or she has handed
over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier named
by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated
by the buyer, the seller may choose, within the place or range stipulated,
where the carrier should take the goods into their charge.

Terms of Sale - FOB (Free On Board) (…Named Port of Shipment) An
International Term of Sale that means the seller fulfills his or her
obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at
the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all
costs and risks to loss of or damage to the goods from that point. The FOB
term requires the seller to clear the goods for export.

Testliner
Mainly produced from waste paper used as even facing for corrugated board
or as liner of solid board. They are often produced as duplex (two-layer)
paper. The grammage is higher than 125 gsm.

Text Paper
Text papers are defined as fine, high quality uncoated papers. Typically,
they are made in various colors, with numerous textures and a variety of
surface finishes. Text papers are made from high-grade bleached wood pulp,
cotton fibers, or tree-free pulp such as bamboo. Recycled sheets include
high quality recycled waste paper and post-consumer waste pulp, in
addition to bleached wood pulp, tree-free pulp or cotton fibers.

Thermal Paper

Any paper with a heat-sensitive coating on which an image can be produced
by the application of heat.

Thermal Transfer Printing
Printing whereby a design image is first printed on heat transfer paper
using inks with sublimable dispersed dyes.

Thermo Mechanical Pulping (TMP)
Mechanical pulp made by steaming wood chips under pressure prior to and
during refining, producing a higher yield and stronger pulp than regular
stone groundwood or regular refiner wood pulp.

Thin Paper
Includes carbonizing, cigarette, bible, air mail and similar papers.

Thinning
A practice in which certain trees are removed from a dense stand to allow
the remaining trees adequate sunlight, nutrients and moisture to grow at
an even rate.

Tint
To vary a color by adding white. Also, a very light or delicate variation
of a color.

Tissue
A low weights and thin sheet. Normally a paper sheet weighing less than 40
gram per meter square is called tissue.

At Home products: Also known as Consumer Products, these are the
tissue products you purchase in the grocery store and convenience store
for use in your home and include toilet paper and facial tissue, napkins
and paper towels, and other special sanitary papers.

Away from Home products: Also known as Commercial & Industrial
Tissue, these are the products that serve markets such as hospitals,
restaurants, businesses, institutions, and janitorial supply firms.

Specialty: These types of tissue papers are often high end,
decorative papers that are glazed, unglazed, or creped, and include
wrapping tissue for gifts and dry cleaning, as well as crepe paper for
decorating

Facial tissue: The class of soft, absorbent papers in the sanitary
tissue group. Originally used for removal of creams, oil, and so on, from
the skin, it is now used in large volume for packaged facial tissue,
toilet paper, paper napkins, professional towels, industrial wipes, and
for hospital items. Most facial tissue is made of bleached sulfite or
sulfate pulp, sometimes mixed with bleached and mechanical pulp, on a
single-cylinder or Fourdrinier machine. Desirable characteristics are
softness, strength, and freedom from lint.

Titanium Dioxide

An opaque and expensive compound used as a white pigment and opacifier in
papermaking. Elemental titanium is a lustrous, lightweight, white metal
with exceptional strength.

Tolerance
Permissible degree of variation from a pre-set standard.

Ton on Tonne
Metric ton or Metric Tonne is equal to 1000 Kgs. or 2240 lbs. English tons
are as defined. Long Ton = 2240 lbs is similar to metric ton. Standard
English ton is 2200 lbs. Short ton is 2000 lbs.

Top Side
Side of the paper opposite to the wire side.

Total Alkali
NaOH + Na2S + Na2CO3 + 0.5*Na2SO3 all expressed as Na2O in alkaline
pulping liquor.

Totally Chlorine Free (TCF)
Totally chlorine free applies to virgin fiber papers that are unbleached
or processed with a sequence that includes no chlorine or chlorine
derivatives. (Also see ECF)

Translucent Drawing Paper
A paper suitable for drawing office use; sufficiently translucent for an
image on it to be reproduced by processes using transmitted light and for
a design to be traced on it from an original placed beneath it. Such
processes include blueprint and diazo.

Transparent Paper

Extended and particularly careful grinding of high quality fibers (hard
chemical pulps, rags) yields a raw material permitting the production of
transparent paper.

Treated Paper
Papers which have functional characteristics added through special
treatment. Among the most common are insect resistant, mold resistant,
clay coated, and flame retardant.

Trim
To cut true to exact size, by cutting away the edges of paper in the web
or sheet.

Tub Sizing
The operation of surface sizing paper by passing it through a bath of a
suitable solution such as gelatin.

Tube Digester
Single or multi-tube continuous digester; used mainly in nonwood pulping
and sawdust pulping purposes; horizontal tubes..

Twin-wire Machine
A papermaking machine with two continuous forming wires, rather than just
one. Twin-wires were designed to create a less two-sided paper than paper
manufactured on a Fourdrinier paper machine.

Other techniques for reducing two-sidedness have since been
developed, enabling paper manufacturers to create paper on single-wire
machines with little side-to-side variation.

Twisting Paper
A paper of high tensile strength in the machine direction which is cut
into narrow widths and spun or twisted into yarn or twine.

Two Parallel Fold
An excellent fold for legal size (or larger) pieces that are to be mailed.
A legal sheet (8.5" x 14") is folded to 3.5" x 8.5". A 9" x 16" sheet
produces a 4" x 9", four panel brochure. Note: A perforation added at one
of the folds can create a three panel brochure with detachable reply card.

Two-Sidedness
The property denoting a difference in appearance and printability between
its top (felt) and wire sides.

U

Unglazed Paper
Un-calendered paper.

Union Kraft
A packaging material comprising two layers of Kraft paper bonded together
by means of a laminate that is resistant to the transmission of water in
liquid or vapor form. E.g. bitumen or plastic.

Un-sized Paper
A paper which has not been sized.

Urban Forest
A description of towns and cities which are the source of wastepaper as
one of the raw materials used for paper making.

Urban Wood

Used pallets, wooden shipping crates and clean construction wood diverted
from the waste stream and chipped for use in making particleboard and
medium density board.

UV Coating
A very glossy, slick coating applied to the printed paper surface and
dried on press with ultraviolet (UV) light. UV coating can cause slight
variations in match colors, so consult an ink manufacturer or printer for
best results.

UV Ink
An ink specially formulated to dry quickly with ultraviolet light while
still on press. Fast UV drying eliminates the need to wait for the first
side to dry before printing the second side.

V

V Fold
V-fold has one fold which creates two panels.

Vacuum Box
See Suction Box

Vat Machine
A paper or board making machine comprising one open ended cylinder, or
more than one open ended cylinder in series, covered with fine mesh wire,
which revolves in a vat of stock. Water draining through the wire leaves a
mat of fibers on its surface and the ultimate thickness of the product may
be determined by the number of cylinders used. The resultant web is
removed from the last cylinder and then passed through conventional
pressing and drying sections

Vegetable Parchment
Paper that has acquired, by the action of sulfuric acid, a continuous
texture. It offers high resistance to disintegration by water and grease.

Vegetable Parchment
Paper that has acquired, by the action of sulfuric acid, a continuous
texture. It offers high resistance to disintegration by water and grease.

Vehicle

The liquid part of the ink, giving it the flow properties that enable it
to be applied to a surface.

Veining
Uneven coloring of pulp.

Vellum Paper
(1) Paper finish that exhibits a toothy surface similar to eggshell or
antique and is relatively absorbent for fast ink penetration.

(2) A high-grade paper made to resemble parchments originally made
from calf’s skin.

(3) Social and personal stationery is often called vellum.

Virgin Fiber
Fiber that has never been used before in the manufacture of paper or other
products.

Virgin forest
Forest in its natural state, untouched by man.

Viscose Pulp
Dissolving pulp intended for the manufacture of viscose.

Viscosity (ink)

A measurement of the fluidity of ink. A higher viscosity is the thicker,
and the lower viscosity is thinner.

Vulcanizing Paper

Paper made specifically for treatment with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) and
sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to gelatinize the surface cellulose. Vulcanizing
converts the paper in to a hard, dense and tough sheet which is used in
electrical insulation, luggage, mechanical assemblies and building
material.

W

Wadding

A single or multi-layer loosely matted fiber pad made from chemical pulp
and used in packaging, thermal insulation and /or acoustical applications.
It is also used in diaper and as absorbent material in other sanitary
products.

Wall Paper

A paper used for wall covering. Also known as hanging paper.

Wall Paper
A paper used for wall covering. Also known as hanging paper.

Warp
The machine direction yarns in a woven fabric (press felt, dryer screen
etc.) See also weft

Wash Press
One type of pulp washer; uses pressing action for dewatering and
displacement.

Washi
Japanese handmade paper. For more detail, please visit

Washing
A process of separating spent cooking or bleaching chemicals from pulp
fibers.

Washing Deinking

Deinking in which solid particles are separated on the basis of their size
by washing. Also see Flotation Deinking and Combination Deinking.

Water Finished Paper

A high glazed paper produced by moistening the sheet with water or steam
during calendering.

Water Finished Paper

A high glazed paper produced by moistening the sheet with water or steam
during calendering.

Water Resistant Paper
Paper which has been impregnated, coated or laminated to resist the
penetration of water.

Water Retention Value (WRV)
The water retention value test provides an indication of fibers’ ability
to take up water and swell. The WRV is also highly correlated to the
bonding ability of kraft fibers.

Water Vapor Transmission
The rate of water vapor transmission through containerboard indicates the
ability of the finished container to protect its contents from undesirable
effects of high humidly or moisture loss of the product.

Water-Color Paper

A medium weight, hard sized, coarse surface paper, suitable for painting
with water based colors.

Water-Color Paper
A medium weight, hard sized, coarse surface paper, suitable for painting
with water based colors.

Waterleaf
A paper with little or no sizing, like blotter, making it very absorbent
If dampening is desired, this paper can be sprayed with an atomizer.

Watermark
The image impressed into the formation of paper by the dandy roll on the
wet end of the paper machine; can be seen by holding the watermarked sheet
up to the light. Can be either a wire mark or a shaded image.

Waviness
A form of paper curl resulting when the sheet edges in the pile absorb
moisture that the center of the pile cannot absorb; or the sheet edges
surrendering moisture while the center remains moist.

Wavy Edges

Warping effect in paper that is the result of the edges of the sheet
having picked up moisture and expanded. Will normally happen only in a
pile that prevents the center of the sheets from picking up the same
amount of moisture and leveling out or cockling. It is usually a warm
weather problem caused by improper balance between moisture content of the
paper or too high humidity in the air.

Waxed Paper
Nearly woodfree papers that are impregnated with paraffin, wax or
wax/paraffin/plastic mixtures. With the appropriate saturation agent and
process the product may be tailored for specific applications, e.g.
packaging of bread or sweets or wrapping razor blades.

Waxing
Coating or impregnating of paper or board with paraffin or wax.

Web
Term used for the full width of the paper sheet in the process of being
formed, pressed, dried, finished and/or converted.

Web Break
A tear in a web during the printing process.

Weft
The cross machine direction yarns in a woven fabric (press felt, dryer
screen etc.). See also warp

Wet Break
A paper break at the wet end (on wire or press) during papermaking
process.

Wet End

First part of the paper machine consisting of wire part and press part.

Wet Lap Machine
Paper machine consisting essentially of a wire covered cylinder rotating
in a vat of pulp stock on which a mat of varying thickness is formed by
drainage. These mats are removed either intermittently in thick sheets
called laps, or continuously.

Wet End Chemical Additives
Chemical additives added with the stock at the wet end. Following are some
of the wet end additives.

Additives
Application

Acids and bases
To control pH

Alum
Control pH
Improves Retention
Attach additives on fibers
Part of Rosin-alum sizing

Coloring chemical (dyes & pigments)
Impart desired color

Defoamers
Kill/control foam to improve drainage & retention

Drainage Aids
Improve drainage (water removal) at wire/press.

Dry Strength Additives (Starches, Gum)
Improves burst, tensile, pick resistance etc.

Fiber Deflocculants
Reduce fiber flocculation and thus improve formation

Filler (clay, CaCO3, TiO2 etc.)
Improve opacity, printing, surface smoothness etc.

Optical Brighteners

Improve optical brightness

Pitch Control
Prevent deposition & accumulation of pitch

Retention Aids

Improves retention of fibers and fillers

Sizing Chemical ( rosin, ASA etc.)
To control liquid (water, ink etc.) penetration

Slimicides
Control slime growth and other organisms

Specialty Chemicals
Corrosion Inhibitors
Flame Proofing
Anti-tarnish

Wet Strength Resin

To impart wet strength to such papers as coffee filter

Wet Strength Paper
A chemically treated paper strong enough to withstand tear, rupture or
falling apart when saturated with water.

Wet Tensile Strength
The measure of the force necessary to break a one inch strip if paper
after it has been immersed in water.

Wetting Agent
Substance that increases the wettability of a surface for a liquid.

White Liquor
White liquor is the aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide & sodium sulfide
used as the cooking liquor in Kraft pulping.

White Top Liner
A two-ply sheet comprised of one bleached and one unbleached layer.

White Water
The filtrate from the wet end of the paper machine.

White Water System
Flow circuit for paper machine white water (includes pipes, storage tanks,
cleaning equipment, water from forming section and return feed).

Whiteness
Whiteness of pulp and paper is generally indicated by its brightness,
which is the reflectance of a wavelength of blue light. So-called white
papers have a definite hue. Most are made with a blue white tint.

Whole Tree Chip

Wood chips produced by chipping whole trees, usually in the forest. Thus
the chips contain both bark and wood. They are frequently produced from
the low-quality trees or from tops, limbs, and other logging residues.

Wicking
The bleeding of ink from the ink jet printing process into unwanted areas
of the paper, causing a blurring effect of the printed character or image.

Willesden Paper
Paper made waterproof by immersing in a bath of cuprammonium hydroxide,
washing and drying. The treatment partially dissolves and gelatinizes the
surface and the final paper is parchment-like, tough, waterproof, rotproof
and distasteful to insects. It is used for roof covering and insulating
purposes.

Winder, Rewinder
Machine for cutting the paper web longitudinally into narrower webs, which
are then wound to reels; also slitter-winder

Winding
Operation whereby a web of paper or board is wound into one or more reels.

Wipes or Wiper
Folded absorbent tissue used for cleaning purpose.

Wire Guide Roll
The small diameter roll used for guiding (keeping on track) the wire. One
end of the roll is adjusted to compensate any misalignment.

Wire Mark

On the bottom or wire side of the paper, these are impressed traces of the
machine wire.

Wire or Machine Wire
The moving "screen" at the wet end of a paper machine where the sheet is
formed.

Wire Return Roll (s)

The small diameter rolls used at the return run (Couch roll to Breast
roll) of the wire.

Wire Side
The side of a sheet next to the wire in manufacturing; opposite from the
felt or top side; usually not as smooth as the felt or topside.

Wire Tension Roll
The small diameter rolls used at the return run (Couch roll to Breast
roll) of the wire to adjust the tension of the wire.

Wood Pulp
Mechanical or chemical pulp made from wood (cf. Non-wood pulp).

Wood-Free
Pulp furnish without mechanical pulp.

Wove
The Paper having a uniform surface and no discernible marks. Soft, smooth
finish, most widely used writing, printing, book and envelope paper.
Relatively low opacity, brightness and bulk.

Wrapper
The materials, consisting usually of paper or paperboard, sometimes with
treatment for moisture barrier properties, which are used to protect the
roll or pile form damage.

Wrinkle

Blade Wrinkle: Blade coating defect, an irregular line on the coated
surface, essentially in the machine direction.

Winder Wrinkle: Ridges at an angle to the machine direction, caused
by hard sport in the reel.

Writing Paper
Uncoated paper that is suitable for writing with ink on both sides. The
writing must neither bleed nor strike through. Writing paper is always
fully sized and also suitable for printing. It can be woodfree or
mechanical, depending on the intended purpose. The admixture of fillers
makes it less translucent.

X

Xerography
The printing process used by photocopying machines. Electric charge
creates the image on an eloctro-photographic surface that works as a
plate. This surface is cleared after each copy is made, and used over
again for the next copy.

Xylan
A type of hemi-cellulose in wood. Yellow, water-soluble, gummy
polysaccharide found in plant (e.g. hardwood or cereal straws) cell walls;
main structural components are xylose and other pentoses; yields xylose
and other pentoses upon hydrolysis.

Xylanase
Enzyme used for hydrolysis of xylan in pulp bleaching.

Y

Yankee Machine
A type of Fourdrinier paper machine employing a single dryer of large
circumference with highly polished surface.

Yellow Pages
Used for telephone directory advertising. Paper used for this needs to
have high bulk (1.1 to 1.2), high tensile strength of about 2 kg/15 mm in
MD and good opacity (90%) so that the fine print made on thin paper like
40 gsm would be readable on both side. Excellent reel build up is required
for smooth feeding during printing. This requires every uniform profile of
bulk, gsm, caliper, moisture etc.

Yellowing
Or brightness reversion is the discoloration of white paper primarily due
to aging.

Yield

Ratio of product output and raw material input, expressed in percentage.

Z

Z-Direction

The direction perpendicular to the plane of a sheet of paper.

Z-Direction Tensile Strength
The tensile strength measured in Z-direction.

Zero (Effluent) Discharge
No effluent discharge from pulp & papermaking plant.

Z-Fold
A paper fold represented by back and forth folds into three panels.

Zig Zag Folding
Folding used with continuous forms with alternating position (head and
foot). Commonly used to convert roll paper to easily managed flat-back